summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstatshomepage
path: root/src/emu/emumem_aspace.cpp
blob: 1882544253625c3974f97e06dec49d7b2fcf97be (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
// license:BSD-3-Clause
// copyright-holders:Aaron Giles,Olivier Galibert
/***************************************************************************

    emumem.cpp

    Functions which handle device memory access.
    Address-space related functions

***************************************************************************/

#include "emu.h"
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include "emuopts.h"
#include "debug/debugcpu.h"

#include "emumem_mud.h"
#include "emumem_hea.h"
#include "emumem_hem.h"
#include "emumem_hedp.h"
#include "emumem_heun.h"
#include "emumem_heu.h"
#include "emumem_hedr.h"
#include "emumem_hedw.h"
#include "emumem_hep.h"
#include "emumem_het.h"


//**************************************************************************
//  DEBUGGING
//**************************************************************************

#define VERBOSE 0

#if VERBOSE
template <typename Format, typename... Params> static void VPRINTF(Format &&fmt, Params &&...args)
{
	util::stream_format(std::cerr, std::forward<Format>(fmt), std::forward<Params>(args)...);
}
#else
template <typename Format, typename... Params> static void VPRINTF(Format &&, Params &&...) {}
#endif

#define VALIDATE_REFCOUNTS 0

//**************************************************************************
//  CONSTANTS
//**************************************************************************

namespace {

template <typename Delegate> struct handler_width;
template <> struct handler_width<read8_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<read8m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<read8s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<read8sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<read8mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<read8smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<write8_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<write8m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<write8s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<write8sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<write8mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<write8smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 0; };
template <> struct handler_width<read16_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<read16m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<read16s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<read16sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<read16mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<read16smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<write16_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<write16m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<write16s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<write16sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<write16mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<write16smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 1; };
template <> struct handler_width<read32_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<read32m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<read32s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<read32sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<read32mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<read32smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<write32_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<write32m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<write32s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<write32sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<write32mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<write32smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 2; };
template <> struct handler_width<read64_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<read64m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<read64s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<read64sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<read64mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<read64smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<write64_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<write64m_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<write64s_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<write64sm_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<write64mo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
template <> struct handler_width<write64smo_delegate> { static constexpr int value = 3; };
} // anonymous namespace


//**************************************************************************
//  TYPE DEFINITIONS
//**************************************************************************

// ======================> address_space_specific

// this is a derived class of address_space with specific width, endianness, and table size
template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian>
class address_space_specific : public address_space
{
	using uX = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;
	using NativeType = uX;
	using this_type = address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>;

	// constants describing the native size
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_STEP = AddrShift >= 0 ? NATIVE_BYTES << iabs(AddrShift) : NATIVE_BYTES >> iabs(AddrShift);
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = NATIVE_STEP - 1;
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_BITS = 8 * NATIVE_BYTES;

	static constexpr offs_t offset_to_byte(offs_t offset) { return AddrShift < 0 ? offset << iabs(AddrShift) : offset >> iabs(AddrShift); }

public:
	const handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *const *m_dispatch_read;
	const handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *const *m_dispatch_write;

	std::string get_handler_string(read_or_write readorwrite, offs_t byteaddress) const override;
	void dump_maps(std::vector<memory_entry> &read_map, std::vector<memory_entry> &write_map) const override;

	void unmap_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite, bool quiet) override;
	void install_ram_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite, void *baseptr) override;
	void install_bank_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_bank *rbank, memory_bank *wbank) override;
	void install_readwrite_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string rtag, std::string wtag) override;
	void install_device_delegate(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, device_t &device, address_map_constructor &map, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override;
	void install_view(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_view &view) override;

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8_delegate rhandler, write8_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16_delegate rhandler, write16_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32_delegate rhandler, write32_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64_delegate rhandler, write64_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8m_delegate rhandler, write8m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16m_delegate rhandler, write16m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32m_delegate rhandler, write32m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64m_delegate rhandler, write64m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8s_delegate rhandler, write8s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16s_delegate rhandler, write16s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32s_delegate rhandler, write32s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64s_delegate rhandler, write64s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8sm_delegate rhandler, write8sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16sm_delegate rhandler, write16sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32sm_delegate rhandler, write32sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64sm_delegate rhandler, write64sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8mo_delegate rhandler, write8mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16mo_delegate rhandler, write16mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32mo_delegate rhandler, write32mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64mo_delegate rhandler, write64mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8smo_delegate rhandler, write8smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16smo_delegate rhandler, write16smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32smo_delegate rhandler, write32smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_read_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_write_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, whandler); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64smo_delegate rhandler, write64smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0) override
	{ install_readwrite_handler_impl(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, rhandler, whandler); }

	using address_space::install_read_tap;
	using address_space::install_write_tap;
	using address_space::install_readwrite_tap;

	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph) override;
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph) override;
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph) override;

	// construction/destruction
	address_space_specific(memory_manager &manager, device_memory_interface &memory, int spacenum, int address_width)
		: address_space(manager, memory, spacenum)
	{
		m_unmap_r = new handler_entry_read_unmapped <Width, AddrShift>(this);
		m_unmap_w = new handler_entry_write_unmapped<Width, AddrShift>(this);
		m_nop_r = new handler_entry_read_nop <Width, AddrShift>(this);
		m_nop_w = new handler_entry_write_nop<Width, AddrShift>(this);

		handler_entry::range r{ 0, 0xffffffff >> (32 - address_width) };

		switch (address_width) {
			case  1: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< std::max(1, Width), Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< std::max(1, Width), Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  2: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< std::max(2, Width), Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< std::max(2, Width), Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  3: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< std::max(3, Width), Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< std::max(3, Width), Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  4: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< 4, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< 4, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  5: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< 5, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< 5, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  6: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< 6, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< 6, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  7: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< 7, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< 7, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  8: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< 8, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< 8, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case  9: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch< 9, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch< 9, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 10: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<10, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<10, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 11: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<11, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<11, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 12: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<12, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<12, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 13: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<13, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<13, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 14: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<14, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<14, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 15: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<15, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<15, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 16: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<16, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<16, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 17: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<17, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<17, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 18: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<18, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<18, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 19: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<19, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<19, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 20: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<20, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<20, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 21: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<21, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<21, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 22: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<22, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<22, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 23: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<23, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<23, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 24: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<24, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<24, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 25: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<25, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<25, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 26: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<26, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<26, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 27: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<27, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<27, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 28: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<28, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<28, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 29: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<29, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<29, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 30: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<30, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<30, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 31: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<31, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<31, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			case 32: m_root_read = new handler_entry_read_dispatch<32, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); m_root_write = new handler_entry_write_dispatch<32, Width, AddrShift>(this, r, nullptr); break;
			default: fatalerror("Unhandled address bus width %d\n", address_width);
		}

		m_dispatch_read  = m_root_read ->get_dispatch();
		m_dispatch_write = m_root_write->get_dispatch();
	}

	std::pair<void *, void *> get_cache_info() override {
		std::pair<void *, void *> rw;
		rw.first  = m_root_read;
		rw.second = m_root_write;
		return rw;
	}

	std::pair<const void *, const void *> get_specific_info() override {
		std::pair<const void *, const void *> rw;
		rw.first  = m_dispatch_read;
		rw.second = m_dispatch_write;
		return rw;
	}

	void delayed_ref(handler_entry *e) {
		e->ref();
		m_delayed_unrefs.insert(e);
	}

	void delayed_unref(handler_entry *e) {
		m_delayed_unrefs.erase(m_delayed_unrefs.find(e));
		e->unref();
	}

	void validate_reference_counts() const override {
		handler_entry::reflist refs;
		refs.add(m_root_read);
		refs.add(m_root_write);
		refs.add(m_unmap_r);
		refs.add(m_unmap_w);
		refs.add(m_nop_r);
		refs.add(m_nop_w);
		for(handler_entry *e : m_delayed_unrefs)
			refs.add(e);
		refs.propagate();
		refs.check();
	}

	virtual void remove_passthrough(std::unordered_set<handler_entry *> &handlers) override {
		invalidate_caches(read_or_write::READWRITE);
		m_root_read->detach(handlers);
		m_root_write->detach(handlers);
	}

	// generate accessor table
	virtual void accessors(data_accessors &accessors) const override
	{
		accessors.read_byte = reinterpret_cast<u8 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_byte_static);
		accessors.read_word = reinterpret_cast<u16 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_word_static);
		accessors.read_word_masked = reinterpret_cast<u16 (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u16)>(&read_word_masked_static);
		accessors.read_dword = reinterpret_cast<u32 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_dword_static);
		accessors.read_dword_masked = reinterpret_cast<u32 (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u32)>(&read_dword_masked_static);
		accessors.read_qword = reinterpret_cast<u64 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_qword_static);
		accessors.read_qword_masked = reinterpret_cast<u64 (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u64)>(&read_qword_masked_static);
		accessors.write_byte = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u8)>(&write_byte_static);
		accessors.write_word = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u16)>(&write_word_static);
		accessors.write_word_masked = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u16, u16)>(&write_word_masked_static);
		accessors.write_dword = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u32)>(&write_dword_static);
		accessors.write_dword_masked = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u32, u32)>(&write_dword_masked_static);
		accessors.write_qword = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u64)>(&write_qword_static);
		accessors.write_qword_masked = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, u64, u64)>(&write_qword_masked_static);
	}

	// return a pointer to the read bank, or nullptr if none
	virtual void *get_read_ptr(offs_t address) const override
	{
		return m_root_read->get_ptr(address);
	}

	// return a pointer to the write bank, or nullptr if none
	virtual void *get_write_ptr(offs_t address) const override
	{
		return m_root_write->get_ptr(address);
	}

	// native read
	NativeType read_native(offs_t offset, NativeType mask)
	{
		return dispatch_read<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), offset & m_addrmask, mask, m_dispatch_read);
	}

	// mask-less native read
	NativeType read_native(offs_t offset)
	{
		return dispatch_read<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), offset & m_addrmask, uX(0xffffffffffffffffU), m_dispatch_read);
	}

	// native write
	void write_native(offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask)
	{
		dispatch_write<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), offset & m_addrmask, data, mask, m_dispatch_write);
	}

	// mask-less native write
	void write_native(offs_t offset, NativeType data)
	{
		dispatch_write<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), offset & m_addrmask, data, uX(0xffffffffffffffffU), m_dispatch_write);
	}

	// virtual access to these functions
	u8 read_byte(offs_t address) override { return Width == 0 ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xff); }
	u16 read_word(offs_t address) override { return Width == 1 ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffff); }
	u16 read_word(offs_t address, u16 mask) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffff); }
	u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 mask) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	u32 read_dword(offs_t address) override { return Width == 2 ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffffffff); }
	u32 read_dword(offs_t address, u32 mask) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffffffff); }
	u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 mask) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	u64 read_qword(offs_t address) override { return Width == 3 ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u64 read_qword(offs_t address, u64 mask) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 mask) override { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }

	void write_byte(offs_t address, u8 data) override { if (Width == 0) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data) override { if (Width == 1) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data) override { if (Width == 2) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data) override { if (Width == 3) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) override { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>([this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }

	// static access to these functions
	static u8 read_byte_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return Width == 0 ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xff); }
	static u16 read_word_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return Width == 1 ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffff); }
	static u16 read_word_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	static u32 read_dword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return Width == 2 ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffffffff); }
	static u32 read_dword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	static u64 read_qword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return Width == 3 ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	static u64 read_qword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return space.read_native(offset, mask); }, address, mask); }
	static void write_byte_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u8 data) { if (Width == 0) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xff); }
	static void write_word_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u16 data) { if (Width == 1) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffff); }
	static void write_word_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	static void write_dword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u32 data) { if (Width == 2) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	static void write_dword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }
	static void write_qword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u64 data) { if (Width == 3) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	static void write_qword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>([&space](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) { space.write_native(offset, data, mask); }, address, data, mask); }

	handler_entry_read <Width, AddrShift> *m_root_read;
	handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *m_root_write;

	std::unordered_set<handler_entry *> m_delayed_unrefs;

private:
	template<typename READ>
	void install_read_handler_impl(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth, READ &handler_r)
	{
		try { handler_r.resolve(); }
		catch (const binding_type_exception &) {
			osd_printf_error("Binding error while installing read handler %s for range 0x%X-0x%X mask 0x%X mirror 0x%X select 0x%X umask 0x%X\n", handler_r.name(), addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask);
			throw;
		}
		install_read_handler_helper<handler_width<READ>::value>(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, handler_r);
	}

	template<typename WRITE>
	void install_write_handler_impl(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth, WRITE &handler_w)
	{
		try { handler_w.resolve(); }
		catch (const binding_type_exception &) {
			osd_printf_error("Binding error while installing write handler %s for range 0x%X-0x%X mask 0x%X mirror 0x%X select 0x%X umask 0x%X\n", handler_w.name(), addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask);
			throw;
		}
		install_write_handler_helper<handler_width<WRITE>::value>(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, handler_w);
	}

	template<typename READ, typename WRITE>
	void install_readwrite_handler_impl(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth, READ &handler_r, WRITE &handler_w)
	{
		static_assert(handler_width<READ>::value == handler_width<WRITE>::value, "handler widths do not match");
		try { handler_r.resolve(); }
		catch (const binding_type_exception &) {
			osd_printf_error("Binding error while installing read handler %s for range 0x%X-0x%X mask 0x%X mirror 0x%X select 0x%X umask 0x%X\n", handler_r.name(), addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask);
			throw;
		}
		try { handler_w.resolve(); }
		catch (const binding_type_exception &) {
			osd_printf_error("Binding error while installing write handler %s for range 0x%X-0x%X mask 0x%X mirror 0x%X select 0x%X umask 0x%X\n", handler_w.name(), addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask);
			throw;
		}
		install_readwrite_handler_helper<handler_width<READ>::value>(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, handler_r, handler_w);
	}

	template<int AccessWidth, typename READ>
	void install_read_handler_helper(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth, const READ &handler_r)
	{
		if constexpr (Width < AccessWidth) {
			fatalerror("install_read_handler: cannot install a %d-wide handler in a %d-wide bus", 8 << AccessWidth, 8 << Width);
		} else {
			VPRINTF("address_space::install_read_handler(%*x-%*x mask=%*x mirror=%*x, space width=%d, handler width=%d, %s, %*x)\n",
					m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
					m_addrchars, addrmask, m_addrchars, addrmirror,
					8 << Width, 8 << AccessWidth,
					handler_r.name(), data_width() / 4, unitmask);

			offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
			u64 nunitmask;
			int ncswidth;
			check_optimize_all("install_read_handler", 8 << AccessWidth, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, nunitmask, ncswidth);

			if constexpr (Width == AccessWidth) {
				auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_delegate<Width, AddrShift, READ>(this, handler_r);
				hand_r->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
				m_root_read->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_r);
			} else {
				auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_delegate<AccessWidth, -AccessWidth, READ>(this, handler_r);
				memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> descriptor(AccessWidth, Endian, hand_r, nstart, nend, nmask, nunitmask, ncswidth);
				hand_r->set_address_info(descriptor.get_handler_start(), descriptor.get_handler_mask());
				m_root_read->populate_mismatched(nstart, nend, nmirror, descriptor);
				hand_r->unref();
			}
			invalidate_caches(read_or_write::READ);
		}
	}

	template<int AccessWidth, typename WRITE>
	void install_write_handler_helper(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth,
								 const WRITE &handler_w)
	{
		if constexpr (Width < AccessWidth) {
			fatalerror("install_write_handler: cannot install a %d-wide handler in a %d-wide bus", 8 << AccessWidth, 8 << Width);
		} else {
			VPRINTF("address_space::install_write_handler(%*x-%*x mask=%*x mirror=%*x, space width=%d, handler width=%d, %s, %*x)\n",
					m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
					m_addrchars, addrmask, m_addrchars, addrmirror,
					8 << Width, 8 << AccessWidth,
					handler_w.name(), data_width() / 4, unitmask);

			offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
			u64 nunitmask;
			int ncswidth;
			check_optimize_all("install_write_handler", 8 << AccessWidth, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, nunitmask, ncswidth);

			if constexpr (Width == AccessWidth) {
				auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_delegate<Width, AddrShift, WRITE>(this, handler_w);
				hand_w->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
				m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_w);
			} else {
				auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_delegate<AccessWidth, -AccessWidth, WRITE>(this, handler_w);
				memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> descriptor(AccessWidth, Endian, hand_w, nstart, nend, nmask, nunitmask, ncswidth);
				hand_w->set_address_info(descriptor.get_handler_start(), descriptor.get_handler_mask());
				m_root_write->populate_mismatched(nstart, nend, nmirror, descriptor);
				hand_w->unref();
			}
			invalidate_caches(read_or_write::WRITE);
		}
	}

	template<int AccessWidth, typename READ, typename WRITE>
	void install_readwrite_handler_helper(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth,
									 const READ  &handler_r,
									 const WRITE &handler_w)
	{
		if constexpr (Width < AccessWidth) {
			fatalerror("install_readwrite_handler: cannot install a %d-wide handler in a %d-wide bus", 8 << AccessWidth, 8 << Width);
		} else {
			VPRINTF("address_space::install_readwrite_handler(%*x-%*x mask=%*x mirror=%*x, space width=%d, handler width=%d, %s, %s, %*x)\n",
					m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
					m_addrchars, addrmask, m_addrchars, addrmirror,
					8 << Width, 8 << AccessWidth,
					handler_r.name(), handler_w.name(), data_width() / 4, unitmask);

			offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
			u64 nunitmask;
			int ncswidth;
			check_optimize_all("install_readwrite_handler", 8 << AccessWidth, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, unitmask, cswidth, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, nunitmask, ncswidth);

			if constexpr (Width == AccessWidth) {
				auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_delegate <Width, AddrShift, READ>(this, handler_r);
				hand_r->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
				m_root_read ->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_r);

				auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_delegate<Width, AddrShift, WRITE>(this, handler_w);
				hand_w->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
				m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_w);
			} else {
				auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_delegate <AccessWidth, -AccessWidth, READ>(this, handler_r);
				memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> descriptor(AccessWidth, Endian, hand_r, nstart, nend, nmask, nunitmask, ncswidth);
				hand_r->set_address_info(descriptor.get_handler_start(), descriptor.get_handler_mask());
				m_root_read ->populate_mismatched(nstart, nend, nmirror, descriptor);
				hand_r->unref();

				auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_delegate<AccessWidth, -AccessWidth, WRITE>(this, handler_w);
				descriptor.set_subunit_handler(hand_w);
				hand_w->set_address_info(descriptor.get_handler_start(), descriptor.get_handler_mask());
				m_root_write->populate_mismatched(nstart, nend, nmirror, descriptor);
				hand_w->unref();
			}
			invalidate_caches(read_or_write::READWRITE);
		}
	}
};



//-------------------------------------------------
//  allocate - allocate memory spaces
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_manager::allocate(device_memory_interface &memory)
{
	for (int spacenum = 0; spacenum < memory.max_space_count(); ++spacenum)
	{
		// if there is a configuration for this space, we need an address space
		address_space_config const *const spaceconfig = memory.space_config(spacenum);
		if (spaceconfig)
		{
			int level = emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level(spaceconfig->addr_width());
			// allocate one of the appropriate type
			switch ((level << 8) | (spaceconfig->endianness() == ENDIANNESS_BIG ? 0x1000 : 0) |spaceconfig->data_width() | (spaceconfig->addr_shift() + 4))
			{
				case 0x0000|0x000| 8|(4+1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 0,  1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000| 8|(4+1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 0,  1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100| 8|(4+1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 0,  1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100| 8|(4+1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 0,  1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000| 8|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 0,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000| 8|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 0,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100| 8|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 0,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100| 8|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 0,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|16|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 1,  3, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|16|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 1,  3, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|16|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 1,  3, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|16|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 1,  3, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|16|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 1,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|16|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 1,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|16|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 1,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|16|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 1,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|16|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 1, -1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|16|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 1, -1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|16|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 1, -1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|16|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 1, -1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|32|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2,  3, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|32|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2,  3, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|32|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2,  3, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|32|(4+3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2,  3, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|32|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|32|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|32|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|32|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|32|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2, -1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|32|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2, -1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|32|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2, -1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|32|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2, -1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|32|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2, -2, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|32|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 2, -2, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|32|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2, -2, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|32|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 2, -2, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|64|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|64|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|64|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3,  0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|64|(4-0): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3,  0, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|64|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3, -1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|64|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3, -1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|64|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3, -1, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|64|(4-1): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3, -1, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|64|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3, -2, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|64|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3, -2, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|64|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3, -2, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|64|(4-2): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3, -2, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				case 0x0000|0x000|64|(4-3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3, -3, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x000|64|(4-3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<0, 3, -3, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x0000|0x100|64|(4-3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3, -3, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE>>(*this, spacenum); break;
				case 0x1000|0x100|64|(4-3): memory.allocate<address_space_specific<1, 3, -3, ENDIANNESS_BIG   >>(*this, spacenum); break;

				default:
					throw emu_fatalerror("Invalid width %d/shift %d specified for address_space::allocate", spaceconfig->data_width(), spaceconfig->addr_shift());
			}
		}
	}
}

//**************************************************************************
//  ADDRESS SPACE
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_space - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_space::address_space(memory_manager &manager, device_memory_interface &memory, int spacenum)
	: address_space_installer(*memory.space_config(spacenum), manager),
		m_device(memory.device()),
		m_unmap(0),
		m_spacenum(spacenum),
		m_log_unmap(true),
		m_name(memory.space_config(spacenum)->name()),
		m_notifier_id(0),
		m_in_notification(0)
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  ~address_space - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_space::~address_space()
{
	m_unmap_r->unref();
	m_unmap_w->unref();
	m_nop_r->unref();
	m_nop_w->unref();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  prepare_map_generic - walk through an address
//  map to find implicit memory regions and
//  identify shared regions
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::prepare_map_generic(address_map &map, bool allow_alloc)
{
	memory_region *devregion = (m_spacenum == 0) ? m_device.memregion(DEVICE_SELF) : nullptr;
	u32 devregionsize = (devregion != nullptr) ? devregion->bytes() : 0;

	// make a pass over the address map, adjusting for the device and getting memory pointers
	for (address_map_entry &entry : map.m_entrylist)
	{
		// computed adjusted addresses first
		adjust_addresses(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror);

		// if we have a share entry, add it to our map
		if (entry.m_share != nullptr)
		{
			// if we can't find it, add it to our map if we're allowed to
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_share);
			memory_share *share = m_manager.share_find(fulltag);
			if (!share)
			{
				if (!allow_alloc)
					fatalerror("Trying to create share '%s' too late\n", fulltag);
				VPRINTF("Creating share '%s' of length 0x%X\n", fulltag, entry.m_addrend + 1 - entry.m_addrstart);
				share = m_manager.share_alloc(m_device, fulltag, m_config.data_width(), address_to_byte(entry.m_addrend + 1 - entry.m_addrstart), endianness());
			}
			else
			{
				std::string result = share->compare(m_config.data_width(), address_to_byte(entry.m_addrend + 1 - entry.m_addrstart), endianness());
				if (!result.empty())
					fatalerror("%s\n", result);
			}
			entry.m_memory = share->ptr();
		}

		// if this is a ROM handler without a specified region and not shared, attach it to the implicit region
		if (m_spacenum == AS_PROGRAM && entry.m_read.m_type == AMH_ROM && entry.m_region == nullptr && entry.m_share == nullptr)
		{
			// make sure it fits within the memory region before doing so, however
			if (entry.m_addrend < devregionsize)
			{
				entry.m_region = m_device.tag();
				entry.m_rgnoffs = address_to_byte(entry.m_addrstart);
			}
		}

		// validate adjusted addresses against implicit regions
		if (entry.m_region != nullptr)
		{
			// determine full tag
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_region);

			// find the region
			memory_region *region = m_manager.machine().root_device().memregion(fulltag);
			if (region == nullptr)
				fatalerror("device '%s' %s space memory map entry %X-%X references nonexistent region \"%s\"\n", m_device.tag(), m_name, entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_region);

			// validate the region
			if (entry.m_rgnoffs + m_config.addr2byte(entry.m_addrend - entry.m_addrstart + 1) > region->bytes())
				fatalerror("device '%s' %s space memory map entry %X-%X extends beyond region \"%s\" size (%X)\n", m_device.tag(), m_name, entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_region, region->bytes());

			if (entry.m_share != nullptr)
				fatalerror("device '%s' %s space memory map entry %X-%X has both .region() and .share()\n", m_device.tag(), m_name, entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend);
		}

		// convert any region-relative entries to their memory pointers
		if (entry.m_region != nullptr)
		{
			// determine full tag
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_region);

			// set the memory address
			entry.m_memory = m_manager.machine().root_device().memregion(fulltag)->base() + entry.m_rgnoffs;
		}

		// allocate anonymous ram when needed
		if (!entry.m_memory && (entry.m_read.m_type == AMH_RAM || entry.m_write.m_type == AMH_RAM))
		{
			if (!allow_alloc)
				fatalerror("Trying to create memory in range %X-%X too late\n", entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend);

			entry.m_memory = m_manager.anonymous_alloc(*this, address_to_byte(entry.m_addrend + 1 - entry.m_addrstart), m_config.data_width(), entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend);
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  prepare_map - allocate the address map and
//  walk through it to find implicit memory regions
//  and identify shared regions
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::prepare_map()
{
	// allocate the address map
	m_map = std::make_unique<address_map>(m_device, m_spacenum);

	// merge in the submaps
	m_map->import_submaps(m_manager.machine(), m_device.owner() ? *m_device.owner() : m_device, data_width(), endianness(), addr_shift());

	// extract global parameters specified by the map
	m_unmap = (m_map->m_unmapval == 0) ? 0 : ~0;
	if (m_map->m_globalmask != 0)
	{
		if (m_map->m_globalmask & ~m_addrmask)
			fatalerror("Can't set a global address mask of %08x on a %d-bits address width bus.\n", m_map->m_globalmask, addr_width());

		m_addrmask = m_map->m_globalmask;
	}

	prepare_map_generic(*m_map, true);
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  prepare_device_map - check and walk through a
//  device-provided to to dynamically install to
//  find implicit memory regions and identify
//  shared regions
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::prepare_device_map(address_map &map)
{
	// Disable the test for now, some cleanup needed before
	if(0) {
		// device maps are not supposed to set global parameters
		if (map.m_unmapval)
			fatalerror("Device maps should not set the unmap value\n");

		if (map.m_globalmask && map.m_globalmask != m_addrmask)
			fatalerror("Device maps should not set the global mask\n");
	}

	prepare_map_generic(map, false);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  populate_from_map - walk the map in reverse
//  order and install the appropriate handler for
//  each case
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::populate_from_map(address_map *map)
{
	// no map specified, use the space-specific one
	if (map == nullptr)
		map = m_map.get();

	// no map, nothing to do
	if (map == nullptr)
		return;

	// install the handlers, using the original, unadjusted memory map
	for (const address_map_entry &entry : map->m_entrylist) {
		// map both read and write halves
		populate_map_entry(entry, read_or_write::READ);
		populate_map_entry(entry, read_or_write::WRITE);
	}

	if (VALIDATE_REFCOUNTS)
		validate_reference_counts();
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  get_handler_string - return a string
//  describing the handler at a particular offset
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> std::string address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::get_handler_string(read_or_write readorwrite, offs_t address) const
{
	if (readorwrite == read_or_write::READ) {
		offs_t start, end;
		handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *handler;
		m_root_read->lookup(address, start, end, handler);
		return handler->name();
	} else {
		offs_t start, end;
		handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *handler;
		m_root_write->lookup(address, start, end, handler);
		return handler->name();
	}
}

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::dump_maps(std::vector<memory_entry> &read_map, std::vector<memory_entry> &write_map) const
{
	read_map.clear();
	write_map.clear();
	m_root_read->dump_map(read_map);
	m_root_write->dump_map(write_map);
}


//**************************************************************************
//  DYNAMIC ADDRESS SPACE MAPPING
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  unmap - unmap a section of address space
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::unmap_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite, bool quiet)
{
	VPRINTF("address_space::unmap(%*x-%*x mirror=%*x, %s, %s)\n",
			m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
			m_addrchars, addrmirror,
			(readorwrite == read_or_write::READ) ? "read" : (readorwrite == read_or_write::WRITE) ? "write" : (readorwrite == read_or_write::READWRITE) ? "read/write" : "??",
			quiet ? "quiet" : "normal");

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("unmap_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// read space
	if (readorwrite == read_or_write::READ || readorwrite == read_or_write::READWRITE) {
		auto handler = static_cast<handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *>(quiet ? m_nop_r : m_unmap_r);
		handler->ref();
		m_root_read->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, handler);
	}

	// write space
	if (readorwrite == read_or_write::WRITE || readorwrite == read_or_write::READWRITE) {
		auto handler = static_cast<handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *>(quiet ? m_nop_w : m_unmap_w);
		handler->ref();
		m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, handler);
	}

	invalidate_caches(readorwrite);
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_view - install a view on the bus
//-------------------------------------------------
template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_view(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_view &view)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_view", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	auto handlers = view.make_handlers(*this, addrstart, addrend);
	m_root_read ->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, static_cast<handler_entry_read <Width, AddrShift> *>(handlers.first));
	m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, static_cast<handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *>(handlers.second));
	view.make_subdispatch(""); // Must be called after populate
}

memory_passthrough_handler *address_space::make_mph()
{
	m_mphs.emplace_back(std::make_unique<memory_passthrough_handler>(*this));
	return m_mphs.back().get();
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_read_tap - install a read tap on the bus
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> memory_passthrough_handler *address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_read_tap", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	if (!mph)
		mph = make_mph();

	auto handler = new handler_entry_read_tap<Width, AddrShift>(this, *mph, name, tap);
	m_root_read->populate_passthrough(nstart, nend, nmirror, handler);
	handler->unref();

	invalidate_caches(read_or_write::READ);

	return mph;
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_write_tap - install a write tap on the bus
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> memory_passthrough_handler *address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_write_tap", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	if (!mph)
		mph = make_mph();

	auto handler = new handler_entry_write_tap<Width, AddrShift>(this, *mph, name, tap);
	m_root_write->populate_passthrough(nstart, nend, nmirror, handler);
	handler->unref();

	invalidate_caches(read_or_write::WRITE);

	return mph;
}
//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_write_tap - install a read and a write tap on the bus
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> memory_passthrough_handler *address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, uX &data, uX mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_readwrite_tap", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	if (!mph)
		mph = make_mph();

	auto rhandler = new handler_entry_read_tap <Width, AddrShift>(this, *mph, name, tapr);
	m_root_read ->populate_passthrough(nstart, nend, nmirror, rhandler);
	rhandler->unref();

	auto whandler = new handler_entry_write_tap<Width, AddrShift>(this, *mph, name, tapw);
	m_root_write->populate_passthrough(nstart, nend, nmirror, whandler);
	whandler->unref();

	invalidate_caches(read_or_write::READWRITE);

	return mph;
}





//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_device_delegate - install the memory map
//  of a live device into this address space
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_device_delegate(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, device_t &device, address_map_constructor &delegate, u64 unitmask, int cswidth)
{
	check_address("install_device_delegate", addrstart, addrend);
	address_map map(*this, addrstart, addrend, unitmask, cswidth, m_device, delegate);
	map.import_submaps(m_manager.machine(), device, data_width(), endianness(), addr_shift());
	prepare_device_map(map);
	populate_from_map(&map);
}



//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_readwrite_port - install a new I/O port
//  handler into this address space
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_readwrite_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string rtag, std::string wtag)
{
	VPRINTF("address_space::install_readwrite_port(%*x-%*x mirror=%*x, read=\"%s\" / write=\"%s\")\n",
			m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
			m_addrchars, addrmirror,
			rtag.empty() ? "(none)" : rtag, wtag.empty() ? "(none)" : wtag);

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_readwrite_port", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// read handler
	if (rtag != "")
	{
		// find the port
		ioport_port *port = device().owner()->ioport(rtag);
		if (port == nullptr)
			throw emu_fatalerror("Attempted to map non-existent port '%s' for read in space %s of device '%s'\n", rtag, m_name, m_device.tag());

		// map the range and set the ioport
		auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_ioport<Width, AddrShift>(this, port);
		m_root_read->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_r);
	}

	if (wtag != "")
	{
		// find the port
		ioport_port *port = device().owner()->ioport(wtag);
		if (port == nullptr)
			fatalerror("Attempted to map non-existent port '%s' for write in space %s of device '%s'\n", wtag, m_name, m_device.tag());

		// map the range and set the ioport
		auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_ioport<Width, AddrShift>(this, port);
		m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_w);
	}

	invalidate_caches(rtag != "" ? wtag != "" ? read_or_write::READWRITE : read_or_write::READ : read_or_write::WRITE);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_bank_generic - install a range as
//  mapping to a particular bank
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_bank_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_bank *rbank, memory_bank *wbank)
{
	VPRINTF("address_space::install_readwrite_bank(%*x-%*x mirror=%*x, read=\"%s\" / write=\"%s\")\n",
			m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
			m_addrchars, addrmirror,
			(rbank != nullptr) ? rbank->tag() : "(none)", (wbank != nullptr) ? wbank->tag() : "(none)");

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_bank_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// map the read bank
	if (rbank != nullptr)
	{
		auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_memory_bank<Width, AddrShift>(this, *rbank);
		hand_r->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
		m_root_read->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_r);
	}

	// map the write bank
	if (wbank != nullptr)
	{
		auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_memory_bank<Width, AddrShift>(this, *wbank);
		hand_w->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
		m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_w);
	}

	invalidate_caches(rbank ? wbank ? read_or_write::READWRITE : read_or_write::READ : read_or_write::WRITE);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_ram_generic - install a simple fixed
//  RAM region into the given address space
//-------------------------------------------------

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void address_space_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::install_ram_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite, void *baseptr)
{
	VPRINTF("address_space::install_ram_generic(%s-%s mirror=%s, %s, %p)\n",
			m_addrchars, addrstart, m_addrchars, addrend,
			m_addrchars, addrmirror,
			(readorwrite == read_or_write::READ) ? "read" : (readorwrite == read_or_write::WRITE) ? "write" : (readorwrite == read_or_write::READWRITE) ? "read/write" : "??",
			baseptr);

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_ram_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// map for read
	if (readorwrite == read_or_write::READ || readorwrite == read_or_write::READWRITE)
	{
		auto hand_r = new handler_entry_read_memory<Width, AddrShift>(this, baseptr);
		hand_r->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
		m_root_read->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_r);
	}

	// map for write
	if (readorwrite == read_or_write::WRITE || readorwrite == read_or_write::READWRITE)
	{
		auto hand_w = new handler_entry_write_memory<Width, AddrShift>(this, baseptr);
		hand_w->set_address_info(nstart, nmask);
		m_root_write->populate(nstart, nend, nmirror, hand_w);
	}

	invalidate_caches(readorwrite);
}

//**************************************************************************
//  MEMORY MAPPING HELPERS
//**************************************************************************

int address_space::add_change_notifier(std::function<void (read_or_write)> n)
{
	int id = m_notifier_id++;
	m_notifiers.emplace_back(notifier_t{ std::move(n), id });
	return id;
}

void address_space::remove_change_notifier(int id)
{
	for(auto i = m_notifiers.begin(); i != m_notifiers.end(); i++)
		if (i->m_id == id) {
			m_notifiers.erase(i);
			return;
		}
	fatalerror("Unknown notifier id %d, double remove?\n", id);
}