summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstatshomepage
path: root/src/emu/emumem.h
blob: 3d4d664469e8991716ac62713da1abf0b13d82fb (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
// license:BSD-3-Clause
// copyright-holders:Aaron Giles,Olivier Galibert
/***************************************************************************

    emumem.h

    Functions which handle device memory accesses.

***************************************************************************/

#pragma once

#ifndef __EMU_H__
#error Dont include this file directly; include emu.h instead.
#endif

#ifndef MAME_EMU_EMUMEM_H
#define MAME_EMU_EMUMEM_H

#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <type_traits>

using s8 = std::int8_t;
using u8 = std::uint8_t;
using s16 = std::int16_t;
using u16 = std::uint16_t;
using s32 = std::int32_t;
using u32 = std::uint32_t;
using s64 = std::int64_t;
using u64 = std::uint64_t;


//**************************************************************************
//  CONSTANTS
//**************************************************************************

// address space names for common use
constexpr int AS_PROGRAM = 0; // program address space
constexpr int AS_DATA    = 1; // data address space
constexpr int AS_IO      = 2; // I/O address space
constexpr int AS_OPCODES = 3; // (decrypted) opcodes, when separate from data accesses

// read or write constants
enum class read_or_write
{
	READ = 1,
	WRITE = 2,
	READWRITE = 3
};



//**************************************************************************
//  TYPE DEFINITIONS
//**************************************************************************

// offsets and addresses are 32-bit (for now...)
using offs_t = u32;

// address map constructors are delegates that build up an address_map
using address_map_constructor = named_delegate<void (address_map &)>;

// struct with function pointers for accessors; use is generally discouraged unless necessary
struct data_accessors
{
	u8      (*read_byte)(address_space &space, offs_t address);
	u16     (*read_word)(address_space &space, offs_t address);
	u16     (*read_word_masked)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u16 mask);
	u32     (*read_dword)(address_space &space, offs_t address);
	u32     (*read_dword_masked)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u32 mask);
	u64     (*read_qword)(address_space &space, offs_t address);
	u64     (*read_qword_masked)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u64 mask);

	void    (*write_byte)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u8 data);
	void    (*write_word)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u16 data);
	void    (*write_word_masked)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask);
	void    (*write_dword)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u32 data);
	void    (*write_dword_masked)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask);
	void    (*write_qword)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u64 data);
	void    (*write_qword_masked)(address_space &space, offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask);
};

// a line in the memory structure dump
struct memory_entry_context {
	memory_view *view;
	bool disabled;
	int slot;
};

struct memory_entry {
	offs_t start, end;
	class handler_entry *entry;
	std::vector<memory_entry_context> context;
};


// ======================> read_delegate

// declare delegates for each width
using read8_delegate  = device_delegate<u8  (address_space &, offs_t, u8 )>;
using read16_delegate = device_delegate<u16 (address_space &, offs_t, u16)>;
using read32_delegate = device_delegate<u32 (address_space &, offs_t, u32)>;
using read64_delegate = device_delegate<u64 (address_space &, offs_t, u64)>;

using read8m_delegate  = device_delegate<u8  (address_space &, offs_t)>;
using read16m_delegate = device_delegate<u16 (address_space &, offs_t)>;
using read32m_delegate = device_delegate<u32 (address_space &, offs_t)>;
using read64m_delegate = device_delegate<u64 (address_space &, offs_t)>;

using read8s_delegate  = device_delegate<u8  (offs_t, u8 )>;
using read16s_delegate = device_delegate<u16 (offs_t, u16)>;
using read32s_delegate = device_delegate<u32 (offs_t, u32)>;
using read64s_delegate = device_delegate<u64 (offs_t, u64)>;

using read8sm_delegate  = device_delegate<u8  (offs_t)>;
using read16sm_delegate = device_delegate<u16 (offs_t)>;
using read32sm_delegate = device_delegate<u32 (offs_t)>;
using read64sm_delegate = device_delegate<u64 (offs_t)>;

using read8mo_delegate  = device_delegate<u8  (address_space &)>;
using read16mo_delegate = device_delegate<u16 (address_space &)>;
using read32mo_delegate = device_delegate<u32 (address_space &)>;
using read64mo_delegate = device_delegate<u64 (address_space &)>;

using read8smo_delegate  = device_delegate<u8  ()>;
using read16smo_delegate = device_delegate<u16 ()>;
using read32smo_delegate = device_delegate<u32 ()>;
using read64smo_delegate = device_delegate<u64 ()>;


// ======================> write_delegate

// declare delegates for each width
using write8_delegate  = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u8,  u8 )>;
using write16_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u16, u16)>;
using write32_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u32, u32)>;
using write64_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u64, u64)>;

using write8m_delegate  = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u8 )>;
using write16m_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u16)>;
using write32m_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u32)>;
using write64m_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, offs_t, u64)>;

using write8s_delegate  = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u8,  u8 )>;
using write16s_delegate = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u16, u16)>;
using write32s_delegate = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u32, u32)>;
using write64s_delegate = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u64, u64)>;

using write8sm_delegate  = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u8 )>;
using write16sm_delegate = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u16)>;
using write32sm_delegate = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u32)>;
using write64sm_delegate = device_delegate<void (offs_t, u64)>;

using write8mo_delegate  = device_delegate<void (address_space &, u8 )>;
using write16mo_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, u16)>;
using write32mo_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, u32)>;
using write64mo_delegate = device_delegate<void (address_space &, u64)>;

using write8smo_delegate  = device_delegate<void (u8 )>;
using write16smo_delegate = device_delegate<void (u16)>;
using write32smo_delegate = device_delegate<void (u32)>;
using write64smo_delegate = device_delegate<void (u64)>;


namespace emu::detail {

// TODO: replace with std::void_t when we move to C++17
template <typename... T> struct void_wrapper { using type = void; };
template <typename... T> using void_t = typename void_wrapper<T...>::type;

template <typename D, typename T, typename Enable = void> struct rw_device_class { };

template <typename D, typename T, typename Ret, typename... Params>
struct rw_device_class<D, Ret (T::*)(Params...), std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<D, device_t &, const char *, Ret (T::*)(Params...), const char *>::value> > { using type = T; };
template <typename D, typename T, typename Ret, typename... Params>
struct rw_device_class<D, Ret (T::*)(Params...) const, std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<D, device_t &, const char *, Ret (T::*)(Params...) const, const char *>::value> > { using type = T; };
template <typename D, typename T, typename Ret, typename... Params>
struct rw_device_class<D, Ret (*)(T &, Params...), std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<D, device_t &, const char *, Ret (*)(T &, Params...), const char *>::value> > { using type = T; };

template <typename D, typename T> using rw_device_class_t  = typename rw_device_class<D, T>::type;

template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct rw_delegate_type;
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read8_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read8_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read16_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read16_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read32_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read32_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read64_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read64_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read8m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read8m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read16m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read16m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read32m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read32m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read64m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read64m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read8s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read8s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read16s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read16s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read32s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read32s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read64s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read64s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read8sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read8sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read16sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read16sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read32sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read32sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read64sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read64sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read8mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read8mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read16mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read16mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read32mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read32mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read64mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read64mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read8smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read8smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read16smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read16smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read32smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read32smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<read64smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = read64smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write8_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write8_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write16_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write16_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write32_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write32_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write64_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write64_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write8m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write8m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write16m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write16m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write32m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write32m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write64m_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write64m_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write8s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write8s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write16s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write16s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write32s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write32s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write64s_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write64s_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write8sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write8sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write16sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write16sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write32sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write32sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write64sm_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write64sm_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write8mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write8mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write16mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write16mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write32mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write32mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write64mo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write64mo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write8smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write8smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write16smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write16smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write32smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write32smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> struct rw_delegate_type<T, void_t<rw_device_class_t<write64smo_delegate, std::remove_reference_t<T> > > > { using type = write64smo_delegate; using device_class = rw_device_class_t<type, std::remove_reference_t<T> >; };
template <typename T> using rw_delegate_type_t = typename rw_delegate_type<T>::type;
template <typename T> using rw_delegate_device_class_t = typename rw_delegate_type<T>::device_class;


template <typename T>
inline rw_delegate_type_t<T> make_delegate(device_t &base, char const *tag, T &&func, char const *name)
{ return rw_delegate_type_t<T>(base, tag, std::forward<T>(func), name); }

template <typename T>
inline rw_delegate_type_t<T> make_delegate(rw_delegate_device_class_t<T> &object, T &&func, char const *name)
{ return rw_delegate_type_t<T>(object, std::forward<T>(func), name); }


template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read8_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read8_delegate> make_lr8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read8_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read8m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read8m_delegate> make_lr8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read8m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read8s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read8s_delegate> make_lr8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read8s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read8sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read8sm_delegate> make_lr8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read8sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read8mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read8mo_delegate> make_lr8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read8mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read8smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read8smo_delegate> make_lr8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read8smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read16_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read16_delegate> make_lr16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read16_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read16m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read16m_delegate> make_lr16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read16m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read16s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read16s_delegate> make_lr16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read16s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read16sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read16sm_delegate> make_lr16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read16sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read16mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read16mo_delegate> make_lr16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read16mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read16smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read16smo_delegate> make_lr16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read16smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read32_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read32_delegate> make_lr32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read32_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read32m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read32m_delegate> make_lr32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read32m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read32s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read32s_delegate> make_lr32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read32s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read32sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read32sm_delegate> make_lr32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read32sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read32mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read32mo_delegate> make_lr32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read32mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read32smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read32smo_delegate> make_lr32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read32smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read64_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read64_delegate> make_lr64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read64_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read64m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read64m_delegate> make_lr64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read64m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read64s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read64s_delegate> make_lr64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read64s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read64sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read64sm_delegate> make_lr64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read64sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read64mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read64mo_delegate> make_lr64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read64mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<read64smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, read64smo_delegate> make_lr64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return read64smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }


template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write8_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write8_delegate> make_lw8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write8_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write8m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write8m_delegate> make_lw8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write8m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write8s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write8s_delegate> make_lw8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write8s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write8sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write8sm_delegate> make_lw8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write8sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write8mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write8mo_delegate> make_lw8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write8mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write8smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write8smo_delegate> make_lw8_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write8smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write16_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write16_delegate> make_lw16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write16_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write16m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write16m_delegate> make_lw16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write16m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write16s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write16s_delegate> make_lw16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write16s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write16sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write16sm_delegate> make_lw16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write16sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write16mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write16mo_delegate> make_lw16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write16mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write16smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write16smo_delegate> make_lw16_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write16smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write32_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write32_delegate> make_lw32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write32_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write32m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write32m_delegate> make_lw32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write32m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write32s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write32s_delegate> make_lw32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write32s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write32sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write32sm_delegate> make_lw32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write32sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write32mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write32mo_delegate> make_lw32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write32mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write32smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write32smo_delegate> make_lw32_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write32smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write64_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write64_delegate> make_lw64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write64_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write64m_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write64m_delegate> make_lw64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write64m_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write64s_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write64s_delegate> make_lw64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write64s_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write64sm_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write64sm_delegate> make_lw64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write64sm_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write64mo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write64mo_delegate> make_lw64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write64mo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }

template <typename L>
inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<write64smo_delegate, device_t &, L, const char *>::value, write64smo_delegate> make_lw64_delegate(device_t &owner, L &&l, const char *name)
{ return write64smo_delegate(owner, std::forward<L>(l), name); }



// =====================-> Width -> types

template<int Width> struct handler_entry_size {};
template<> struct handler_entry_size<0> { using uX = u8;  };
template<> struct handler_entry_size<1> { using uX = u16; };
template<> struct handler_entry_size<2> { using uX = u32; };
template<> struct handler_entry_size<3> { using uX = u64; };

// =====================-> Address segmentation for the search tree

constexpr int handler_entry_dispatch_level(int highbits)
{
	return (highbits > 48) ? 3 : (highbits > 32) ? 2 : (highbits > 14) ? 1 : 0;
}

constexpr int handler_entry_dispatch_level_to_lowbits(int level, int width, int ashift)
{
	return level == 3 ? 48 : level == 2 ? 32 : level == 1 ? 14 : width + ashift;
}

constexpr int handler_entry_dispatch_lowbits(int highbits, int width, int ashift)
{
	return (highbits > 48) ? 48 :
		(highbits > 32) ? 32 :
		(highbits > 14) ? 14 :
		width + ashift;
}

} // namespace emu::detail


// ======================> memory_units_descritor forwards declaration

template<int Width, int AddrShift> class memory_units_descriptor;



// =====================-> The root class of all handlers

// Handlers the refcounting as part of the interface
class handler_entry
{
	DISABLE_COPYING(handler_entry);

	template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> friend class address_space_specific;

public:
	// Typing flags (low 16 bits are for the user)
	static constexpr u32 F_UNMAP       = 0x00010000; // the unmapped memory accessed handler
	static constexpr u32 F_DISPATCH    = 0x00020000; // handler that forwards the access to other handlers
	static constexpr u32 F_UNITS       = 0x00040000; // handler that merges/splits an access among multiple handlers (unitmask support)
	static constexpr u32 F_PASSTHROUGH = 0x00080000; // handler that passes through the request to another handler
	static constexpr u32 F_VIEW        = 0x00100000; // handler for a view (kinda like dispatch except not entirely)

	// Start/end of range flags
	static constexpr u8 START = 1;
	static constexpr u8 END   = 2;

	// Intermediary structure for reference count checking
	class reflist {
	public:
		void add(const handler_entry *entry);

		void propagate();
		void check();

	private:
		std::unordered_map<const handler_entry *, u32> refcounts;
		std::unordered_set<const handler_entry *> seen;
		std::unordered_set<const handler_entry *> todo;
	};

	handler_entry(address_space *space, u32 flags) { m_space = space; m_refcount = 1; m_flags = flags; }
	virtual ~handler_entry() {}

	inline void ref(int count = 1) const { m_refcount += count; }
	inline void unref(int count = 1) const { m_refcount -= count; if(!m_refcount) delete this; }
	inline u32 flags() const { return m_flags; }

	inline bool is_dispatch() const { return m_flags & F_DISPATCH; }
	inline bool is_view() const { return m_flags & F_VIEW; }
	inline bool is_units() const { return m_flags & F_UNITS; }
	inline bool is_passthrough() const { return m_flags & F_PASSTHROUGH; }

	virtual void dump_map(std::vector<memory_entry> &map) const;

	virtual std::string name() const = 0;
	virtual void enumerate_references(handler_entry::reflist &refs) const;
	u32 get_refcount() const { return m_refcount; }

	virtual void select_a(int slot);
	virtual void select_u(int slot);

	virtual offs_t dispatch_entry(offs_t address) const;

protected:
	// Address range storage
	struct range {
		offs_t start;
		offs_t end;

		inline void set(offs_t _start, offs_t _end) {
			start = _start;
			end = _end;
		}

		inline void intersect(offs_t _start, offs_t _end) {
			if(_start > start)
				start = _start;
			if(_end < end)
				end = _end;
		}
	};

	address_space *m_space;
	mutable u32 m_refcount;
	u32 m_flags;
};


// =====================-> The parent class of all read handlers

// Provides the populate/read/get_ptr/lookup API

template<int Width, int AddrShift> class handler_entry_read_passthrough;

template<int Width, int AddrShift> class handler_entry_read : public handler_entry
{
public:
	using uX = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;

	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? make_bitmask<u32>(Width + AddrShift) : 0;

	struct mapping {
		handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *original;
		handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *patched;
		u8 ukey;
	};

	handler_entry_read(address_space *space, u32 flags) : handler_entry(space, flags) {}
	~handler_entry_read() {}

	virtual uX read(offs_t offset, uX mem_mask) const = 0;
	virtual std::pair<uX, u16> read_flags(offs_t offset, uX mem_mask) const = 0;
	virtual void *get_ptr(offs_t offset) const;
	virtual void lookup(offs_t address, offs_t &start, offs_t &end, handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *&handler) const;

	inline void populate(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *handler) {
		start &= ~NATIVE_MASK;
		end |= NATIVE_MASK;
		if(mirror)
			populate_mirror(start, end, start, end, mirror, handler);
		else
			populate_nomirror(start, end, start, end, handler);
	}

	virtual void populate_nomirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *handler);
	virtual void populate_mirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *handler);

	inline void populate_mismatched(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t mirror, const memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> &descriptor) {
		start &= ~NATIVE_MASK;
		end |= NATIVE_MASK;
		std::vector<mapping> mappings;
		if(mirror)
			populate_mismatched_mirror(start, end, start, end, mirror, descriptor, mappings);
		else
			populate_mismatched_nomirror(start, end, start, end, descriptor, START|END, mappings);
	}

	virtual void populate_mismatched_nomirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, const memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> &descriptor, u8 rkey, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);
	virtual void populate_mismatched_mirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, offs_t mirror, const memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> &descriptor, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);

	inline void populate_passthrough(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_read_passthrough<Width, AddrShift> *handler) {
		start &= ~NATIVE_MASK;
		end |= NATIVE_MASK;
		std::vector<mapping> mappings;
		if(mirror)
			populate_passthrough_mirror(start, end, start, end, mirror, handler, mappings);
		else
			populate_passthrough_nomirror(start, end, start, end, handler, mappings);
	}

	virtual void populate_passthrough_nomirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, handler_entry_read_passthrough<Width, AddrShift> *handler, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);
	virtual void populate_passthrough_mirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_read_passthrough<Width, AddrShift> *handler, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);

	// Remove a set of passthrough handlers, leaving the lower handler in their place
	virtual void detach(const std::unordered_set<handler_entry *> &handlers);

	// Return the internal structures of the root dispatch
	virtual const handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *const *get_dispatch() const;

	virtual void init_handlers(offs_t start_entry, offs_t end_entry, u32 lowbits, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> **dispatch, handler_entry::range *ranges);
	virtual handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *dup();
};

// =====================-> The parent class of all write handlers

// Provides the populate/write/get_ptr/lookup API

template<int Width, int AddrShift> class handler_entry_write_passthrough;

template<int Width, int AddrShift> class handler_entry_write : public handler_entry
{
public:
	using uX = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;

	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? make_bitmask<u32>(Width + AddrShift) : 0;

	struct mapping {
		handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *original;
		handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *patched;
		u8 ukey;
	};

	handler_entry_write(address_space *space, u32 flags) : handler_entry(space, flags) {}
	virtual ~handler_entry_write() {}

	virtual void write(offs_t offset, uX data, uX mem_mask) const = 0;
	virtual u16 write_flags(offs_t offset, uX data, uX mem_mask) const = 0;
	virtual void *get_ptr(offs_t offset) const;
	virtual void lookup(offs_t address, offs_t &start, offs_t &end, handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *&handler) const;

	inline void populate(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *handler) {
		start &= ~NATIVE_MASK;
		end |= NATIVE_MASK;
		if(mirror)
			populate_mirror(start, end, start, end, mirror, handler);
		else
			populate_nomirror(start, end, start, end, handler);
	}

	virtual void populate_nomirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *handler);
	virtual void populate_mirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *handler);

	inline void populate_mismatched(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t mirror, const memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> &descriptor) {
		start &= ~NATIVE_MASK;
		end |= NATIVE_MASK;

		std::vector<mapping> mappings;
		if(mirror)
			populate_mismatched_mirror(start, end, start, end, mirror, descriptor, mappings);
		else
			populate_mismatched_nomirror(start, end, start, end, descriptor, START|END, mappings);
	}

	virtual void populate_mismatched_nomirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, const memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> &descriptor, u8 rkey, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);
	virtual void populate_mismatched_mirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, offs_t mirror, const memory_units_descriptor<Width, AddrShift> &descriptor, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);

	inline void populate_passthrough(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_write_passthrough<Width, AddrShift> *handler) {
		start &= ~NATIVE_MASK;
		end |= NATIVE_MASK;
		std::vector<mapping> mappings;
		if(mirror)
			populate_passthrough_mirror(start, end, start, end, mirror, handler, mappings);
		else
			populate_passthrough_nomirror(start, end, start, end, handler, mappings);
	}

	virtual void populate_passthrough_nomirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, handler_entry_write_passthrough<Width, AddrShift> *handler, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);
	virtual void populate_passthrough_mirror(offs_t start, offs_t end, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, offs_t mirror, handler_entry_write_passthrough<Width, AddrShift> *handler, std::vector<mapping> &mappings);

	// Remove a set of passthrough handlers, leaving the lower handler in their place
	virtual void detach(const std::unordered_set<handler_entry *> &handlers);

	// Return the internal structures of the root dispatch
	virtual const handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *const *get_dispatch() const;

	virtual void init_handlers(offs_t start_entry, offs_t end_entry, u32 lowbits, offs_t ostart, offs_t oend, handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> **dispatch, handler_entry::range *ranges);
	virtual handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *dup();
};

// =====================-> Passthrough handler management structure
class memory_passthrough_handler
{
	template<int Width, int AddrShift> friend class handler_entry_read_passthrough;
	template<int Width, int AddrShift> friend class handler_entry_write_passthrough;

public:
	memory_passthrough_handler(address_space &space) : m_space(space) {}

	inline void remove();

private:
	address_space &m_space;
	std::unordered_set<handler_entry *> m_handlers;

	void add_handler(handler_entry *handler) { m_handlers.insert(handler); }
	void remove_handler(handler_entry *handler) { m_handlers.erase(m_handlers.find(handler)); }
};

// =====================-> Forward declaration for address_space

template<int Width, int AddrShift> class handler_entry_read_unmapped;
template<int Width, int AddrShift> class handler_entry_write_unmapped;

// ======================> address offset -> byte offset

constexpr offs_t memory_offset_to_byte(offs_t offset, int AddrShift) { return AddrShift < 0 ? offset << iabs(AddrShift) : offset >> iabs(AddrShift); }

// ======================> generic read/write decomposition routines

// generic direct read
template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian, int TargetWidth, bool Aligned, typename T> typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX  memory_read_generic(T rop, offs_t address, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX mask)
{
	using TargetType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX;
	using NativeType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;

	constexpr u32 TARGET_BYTES = 1 << TargetWidth;
	constexpr u32 TARGET_BITS = 8 * TARGET_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BITS = 8 * NATIVE_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_STEP = AddrShift >= 0 ? NATIVE_BYTES << iabs(AddrShift) : NATIVE_BYTES >> iabs(AddrShift);
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? make_bitmask<u32>(Width + AddrShift) : 0;

	// equal to native size and aligned; simple pass-through to the native reader
	if (NATIVE_BYTES == TARGET_BYTES && (Aligned || (address & NATIVE_MASK) == 0))
		return rop(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, mask);

	// if native size is larger, see if we can do a single masked read (guaranteed if we're aligned)
	if (NATIVE_BYTES > TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - (Aligned ? TARGET_BYTES : 1)));
		if (Aligned || (offsbits + TARGET_BITS <= NATIVE_BITS))
		{
			if (Endian != ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS - offsbits;
			return rop(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, (NativeType)mask << offsbits) >> offsbits;
		}
	}

	// determine our alignment against the native boundaries, and mask the address
	u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - 1));
	address &= ~NATIVE_MASK;

	// if we're here, and native size is larger or equal to the target, we need exactly 2 reads
	if (NATIVE_BYTES >= TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
			// read lower bits from lower address
			TargetType result = 0;
			NativeType curmask = (NativeType)mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) result = rop(address, curmask) >> offsbits;

			// read upper bits from upper address
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) result |= rop(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask) << offsbits;
			return result;
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// left-justify the mask to the target type
			constexpr u32 LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT = ((NATIVE_BITS >= TARGET_BITS) ? (NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS) : 0);
			NativeType result = 0;
			NativeType ljmask = (NativeType)mask << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
			NativeType curmask = ljmask >> offsbits;

			// read upper bits from lower address
			if (curmask != 0) result = rop(address, curmask) << offsbits;
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;

			// read lower bits from upper address
			curmask = ljmask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) result |= rop(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask) >> offsbits;

			// return the un-justified result
			return result >> LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
		}
	}

	// if we're here, then we have 2 or more reads needed to get our final result
	else
	{
		// compute the maximum number of loops; we do it this way so that there are
		// a fixed number of loops for the compiler to unroll if it desires
		constexpr u32 MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE = TARGET_BYTES / NATIVE_BYTES - 1;
		TargetType result = 0;

		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
				// read lowest bits from first address
			NativeType curmask = mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) result = rop(address, curmask) >> offsbits;

			// read middle bits from subsequent addresses
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result |= (TargetType)rop(address, curmask) << offsbits;
				offsbits += NATIVE_BITS;
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, read uppermost bits from last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits < TARGET_BITS)
			{
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result |= (TargetType)rop(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask) << offsbits;
			}
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// read highest bits from first address
			offsbits = TARGET_BITS - (NATIVE_BITS - offsbits);
			NativeType curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) result = (TargetType)rop(address, curmask) << offsbits;

			// read middle bits from subsequent addresses
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				offsbits -= NATIVE_BITS;
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result |= (TargetType)rop(address, curmask) << offsbits;
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, read lowermost bits from the last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits != 0)
			{
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result |= rop(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask) >> offsbits;
			}
		}
		return result;
	}
}

// generic direct write
template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian, int TargetWidth, bool Aligned, typename T> void memory_write_generic(T wop, offs_t address, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX data, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX mask)
{
	using NativeType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;

	constexpr u32 TARGET_BYTES = 1 << TargetWidth;
	constexpr u32 TARGET_BITS = 8 * TARGET_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BITS = 8 * NATIVE_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_STEP = AddrShift >= 0 ? NATIVE_BYTES << iabs(AddrShift) : NATIVE_BYTES >> iabs(AddrShift);
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? (1 << (Width + AddrShift)) - 1 : 0;

	// equal to native size and aligned; simple pass-through to the native writer
	if (NATIVE_BYTES == TARGET_BYTES && (Aligned || (address & NATIVE_MASK) == 0))
		return wop(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data, mask);

	// if native size is larger, see if we can do a single masked write (guaranteed if we're aligned)
	if (NATIVE_BYTES > TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - (Aligned ? TARGET_BYTES : 1)));
		if (Aligned || (offsbits + TARGET_BITS <= NATIVE_BITS))
		{
			if (Endian != ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS - offsbits;
			return wop(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, (NativeType)data << offsbits, (NativeType)mask << offsbits);
		}
	}

	// determine our alignment against the native boundaries, and mask the address
	u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - 1));
	address &= ~NATIVE_MASK;

	// if we're here, and native size is larger or equal to the target, we need exactly 2 writes
	if (NATIVE_BYTES >= TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
			// write lower bits to lower address
			NativeType curmask = (NativeType)mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) wop(address, (NativeType)data << offsbits, curmask);

			// write upper bits to upper address
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) wop(address + NATIVE_STEP, data >> offsbits, curmask);
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// left-justify the mask and data to the target type
			constexpr u32 LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT = ((NATIVE_BITS >= TARGET_BITS) ? (NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS) : 0);
			NativeType ljdata = (NativeType)data << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
			NativeType ljmask = (NativeType)mask << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
				// write upper bits to lower address
			NativeType curmask = ljmask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) wop(address, ljdata >> offsbits, curmask);
				// write lower bits to upper address
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			curmask = ljmask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) wop(address + NATIVE_STEP, ljdata << offsbits, curmask);
		}
	}

	// if we're here, then we have 2 or more writes needed to get our final result
	else
	{
		// compute the maximum number of loops; we do it this way so that there are
		// a fixed number of loops for the compiler to unroll if it desires
		constexpr u32 MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE = TARGET_BYTES / NATIVE_BYTES - 1;

		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
			// write lowest bits to first address
			NativeType curmask = mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) wop(address, data << offsbits, curmask);

			// write middle bits to subsequent addresses
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) wop(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);
				offsbits += NATIVE_BITS;
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, write uppermost bits to last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits < TARGET_BITS)
			{
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) wop(address + NATIVE_STEP, data >> offsbits, curmask);
			}
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// write highest bits to first address
			offsbits = TARGET_BITS - (NATIVE_BITS - offsbits);
			NativeType curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) wop(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);

			// write middle bits to subsequent addresses
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				offsbits -= NATIVE_BITS;
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) wop(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, write lowermost bits to the last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits != 0)
			{
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) wop(address + NATIVE_STEP, data << offsbits, curmask);
			}
		}
	}
}
// generic direct read with flags
template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian, int TargetWidth, bool Aligned, typename TF> std::pair<typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX, u16>  memory_read_generic_flags(TF ropf, offs_t address, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX mask)
{
	using TargetType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX;
	using NativeType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;

	constexpr u32 TARGET_BYTES = 1 << TargetWidth;
	constexpr u32 TARGET_BITS = 8 * TARGET_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BITS = 8 * NATIVE_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_STEP = AddrShift >= 0 ? NATIVE_BYTES << iabs(AddrShift) : NATIVE_BYTES >> iabs(AddrShift);
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? make_bitmask<u32>(Width + AddrShift) : 0;

	// equal to native size and aligned; simple pass-through to the native reader
	if (NATIVE_BYTES == TARGET_BYTES && (Aligned || (address & NATIVE_MASK) == 0))
		return ropf(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, mask);

	// if native size is larger, see if we can do a single masked read (guaranteed if we're aligned)
	if (NATIVE_BYTES > TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - (Aligned ? TARGET_BYTES : 1)));
		if (Aligned || (offsbits + TARGET_BITS <= NATIVE_BITS))
		{
			if (Endian != ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS - offsbits;
			auto pack = ropf(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, (NativeType)mask << offsbits);
			pack.first >>= offsbits;
			return pack;
		}
	}

	// determine our alignment against the native boundaries, and mask the address
	u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - 1));
	address &= ~NATIVE_MASK;

	// if we're here, and native size is larger or equal to the target, we need exactly 2 reads
	if (NATIVE_BYTES >= TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
			// read lower bits from lower address
			u16 flags = 0;
			TargetType result = 0;
			NativeType curmask = (NativeType)mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address, curmask); result = pack.first >> offsbits; flags = pack.second; }

			// read upper bits from upper address
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask); result |= pack.first << offsbits; flags |= pack.second; }
			return std::pair<NativeType, u16>(result, flags);
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// left-justify the mask to the target type
			constexpr u32 LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT = ((NATIVE_BITS >= TARGET_BITS) ? (NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS) : 0);
			u16 flags = 0;
			NativeType result = 0;
			NativeType ljmask = (NativeType)mask << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
			NativeType curmask = ljmask >> offsbits;

			// read upper bits from lower address
			if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address, curmask); result = pack.first << offsbits; flags = pack.second; }
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;

			// read lower bits from upper address
			curmask = ljmask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask); result |= pack.first >> offsbits; flags |= pack.second; }

			// return the un-justified result
			return std::pair<NativeType, u16>(result >> LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT, flags);
		}
	}

	// if we're here, then we have 2 or more reads needed to get our final result
	else
	{
		// compute the maximum number of loops; we do it this way so that there are
		// a fixed number of loops for the compiler to unroll if it desires
		constexpr u32 MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE = TARGET_BYTES / NATIVE_BYTES - 1;
		u16 flags = 0;
		TargetType result = 0;

		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
				// read lowest bits from first address
			NativeType curmask = mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address, curmask); result = pack.first >> offsbits; flags = pack.second; }

			// read middle bits from subsequent addresses
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address, curmask); result |= (TargetType)pack.first << offsbits; flags |= pack.second; }
				offsbits += NATIVE_BITS;
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, read uppermost bits from last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits < TARGET_BITS)
			{
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask); result |= (TargetType)pack.first << offsbits; flags |= pack.second; }
			}
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// read highest bits from first address
			offsbits = TARGET_BITS - (NATIVE_BITS - offsbits);
			NativeType curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address, curmask); result = pack.first >> offsbits; flags = pack.second; }

			// read middle bits from subsequent addresses
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				offsbits -= NATIVE_BITS;
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address, curmask); result |= (TargetType)pack.first >> offsbits; flags |= pack.second; }
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, read lowermost bits from the last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits != 0)
			{
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) { auto pack = ropf(address + NATIVE_STEP, curmask); result |= (TargetType)pack.first >> offsbits; flags |= pack.second; }
			}
		}
		return std::pair<NativeType, u16>(result, flags);
	}
}

// generic direct write with flags
template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian, int TargetWidth, bool Aligned, typename TF> u16 memory_write_generic_flags(TF wopf, offs_t address, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX data, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<TargetWidth>::uX mask)
{
	using NativeType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;

	constexpr u32 TARGET_BYTES = 1 << TargetWidth;
	constexpr u32 TARGET_BITS = 8 * TARGET_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_BITS = 8 * NATIVE_BYTES;
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_STEP = AddrShift >= 0 ? NATIVE_BYTES << iabs(AddrShift) : NATIVE_BYTES >> iabs(AddrShift);
	constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? (1 << (Width + AddrShift)) - 1 : 0;

	// equal to native size and aligned; simple pass-through to the native writer
	if (NATIVE_BYTES == TARGET_BYTES && (Aligned || (address & NATIVE_MASK) == 0))
		return wopf(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data, mask);

	// if native size is larger, see if we can do a single masked write (guaranteed if we're aligned)
	if (NATIVE_BYTES > TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - (Aligned ? TARGET_BYTES : 1)));
		if (Aligned || (offsbits + TARGET_BITS <= NATIVE_BITS))
		{
			if (Endian != ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS - offsbits;
			return wopf(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, (NativeType)data << offsbits, (NativeType)mask << offsbits);
		}
	}

	// determine our alignment against the native boundaries, and mask the address
	u32 offsbits = 8 * (memory_offset_to_byte(address, AddrShift) & (NATIVE_BYTES - 1));
	address &= ~NATIVE_MASK;

	// if we're here, and native size is larger or equal to the target, we need exactly 2 writes
	if (NATIVE_BYTES >= TARGET_BYTES)
	{
		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
			// write lower bits to lower address
			u16 flags = 0;
			NativeType curmask = (NativeType)mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address, (NativeType)data << offsbits, curmask);

			// write upper bits to upper address
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address + NATIVE_STEP, data >> offsbits, curmask);
			return flags;
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// left-justify the mask and data to the target type
			u16 flags = 0;
			constexpr u32 LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT = ((NATIVE_BITS >= TARGET_BITS) ? (NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS) : 0);
			NativeType ljdata = (NativeType)data << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
			NativeType ljmask = (NativeType)mask << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
				// write upper bits to lower address
			NativeType curmask = ljmask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address, ljdata >> offsbits, curmask);
				// write lower bits to upper address
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			curmask = ljmask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address + NATIVE_STEP, ljdata << offsbits, curmask);
			return flags;
		}
	}

	// if we're here, then we have 2 or more writes needed to get our final result
	else
	{
		// compute the maximum number of loops; we do it this way so that there are
		// a fixed number of loops for the compiler to unroll if it desires
		constexpr u32 MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE = TARGET_BYTES / NATIVE_BYTES - 1;
		u16 flags = 0;

		// little-endian case
		if (Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
		{
			// write lowest bits to first address
			NativeType curmask = mask << offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address, data << offsbits, curmask);

			// write middle bits to subsequent addresses
			offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);
				offsbits += NATIVE_BITS;
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, write uppermost bits to last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits < TARGET_BITS)
			{
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address + NATIVE_STEP, data >> offsbits, curmask);
			}
		}

		// big-endian case
		else
		{
			// write highest bits to first address
			offsbits = TARGET_BITS - (NATIVE_BITS - offsbits);
			NativeType curmask = mask >> offsbits;
			if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);

			// write middle bits to subsequent addresses
			for (u32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
			{
				offsbits -= NATIVE_BITS;
				address += NATIVE_STEP;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);
			}

			// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, write lowermost bits to the last address
			if (!Aligned && offsbits != 0)
			{
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) flags |= wopf(address + NATIVE_STEP, data << offsbits, curmask);
			}
		}
		return flags;
	}
}

// ======================> Direct dispatching

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift> typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX dispatch_read(offs_t mask, offs_t offset, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX mem_mask, const handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *const *dispatch)
{
	static constexpr u32 LowBits  = emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level_to_lowbits(Level, Width, AddrShift);
	return dispatch[(offset & mask) >> LowBits]->read(offset, mem_mask);
}


template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift> void dispatch_write(offs_t mask, offs_t offset, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX data, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX mem_mask, const handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *const *dispatch)
{
	static constexpr u32 LowBits  = emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level_to_lowbits(Level, Width, AddrShift);
	return dispatch[(offset & mask) >> LowBits]->write(offset, data, mem_mask);
}


template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift> std::pair<typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX, u16> dispatch_read_flags(offs_t mask, offs_t offset, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX mem_mask, const handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *const *dispatch)
{
	static constexpr u32 LowBits  = emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level_to_lowbits(Level, Width, AddrShift);
	return dispatch[(offset & mask) >> LowBits]->read_flags(offset, mem_mask);
}


template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift> u16 dispatch_write_flags(offs_t mask, offs_t offset, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX data, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX mem_mask, const handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *const *dispatch)
{
	static constexpr u32 LowBits  = emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level_to_lowbits(Level, Width, AddrShift);
	return dispatch[(offset & mask) >> LowBits]->write_flags(offset, data, mem_mask);
}


// ======================> memory_access_specific

// memory_access_specific does uncached but faster accesses by shortcutting the address_space virtual call

namespace emu::detail {

template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> class memory_access_specific
{
	friend class ::address_space;

	using NativeType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? (1 << (Width + AddrShift)) - 1 : 0;

public:
	// construction/destruction
	memory_access_specific()
		: m_space(nullptr),
		  m_addrmask(0),
		  m_dispatch_read(nullptr),
		  m_dispatch_write(nullptr)
	{
	}

	inline address_space &space() const {
		return *m_space;
	}

	auto rop()  { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }; }
	auto ropf() { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> std::pair<NativeType, u16> { return read_native_flags(offset, mask); }; }
	auto wop()  { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) -> void { write_native(offset, data, mask); }; }
	auto wopf() { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) -> u16 { return write_native_flags(offset, data, mask); }; }

	u8  read_byte(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 0) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(rop(), address, 0xff); }
	u16 read_word(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 1) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(rop(), address, 0xffff); }
	u16 read_word(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(rop(), address, 0xffff); }
	u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u32 read_dword(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 2) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(rop(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	u32 read_dword(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(rop(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u64 read_qword(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 3) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(rop(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u64 read_qword(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(rop(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(rop(), address, mask); }

	void write_byte(offs_t address, u8 data) { if constexpr(Width == 0) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data) { if constexpr(Width == 1) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wop(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data) { if constexpr(Width == 2) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data) { if constexpr(Width == 3) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wop(), address, data, mask); }


	std::pair<u8,  u16> read_byte_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 0) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(ropf(), address, 0xff); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 1) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(ropf(), address, 0xffff); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(ropf(), address, 0xffff); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 2) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 3) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(ropf(), address, mask); }

	u16 write_byte_flags(offs_t address, u8 data) { if constexpr(Width == 0) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xff); }
	u16 write_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 data) { if constexpr(Width == 1) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	u16 write_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 data) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	u16 write_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 data) { if constexpr(Width == 2) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	u16 write_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 data) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	u16 write_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 data) { if constexpr(Width == 3) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u16 write_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 data) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u16 write_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }

private:
	address_space *             m_space;

	offs_t                      m_addrmask;                // address mask

	const handler_entry_read<Width, AddrShift> *const *m_dispatch_read;
	const handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *const *m_dispatch_write;

	NativeType read_native(offs_t address, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0)) {
		return dispatch_read<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), address & m_addrmask, mask, m_dispatch_read);
	}

	void write_native(offs_t address, NativeType data, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0)) {
		dispatch_write<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), address & m_addrmask, data, mask, m_dispatch_write);
	}

	std::pair<NativeType, u16> read_native_flags(offs_t address, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0)) {
		return dispatch_read_flags<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), address & m_addrmask, mask, m_dispatch_read);
	}

	u16 write_native_flags(offs_t address, NativeType data, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0)) {
		return dispatch_write_flags<Level, Width, AddrShift>(offs_t(-1), address & m_addrmask, data, mask, m_dispatch_write);
	}

	void set(address_space *space, std::pair<const void *, const void *> rw);
};



// ======================> memory_access_cache

// memory_access_cache contains state data for cached access
template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> class memory_access_cache
{
	friend class ::address_space;

	using NativeType = typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX;
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_BYTES = 1 << Width;
	static constexpr u32 NATIVE_MASK = Width + AddrShift >= 0 ? (1 << (Width + AddrShift)) - 1 : 0;

public:
	// construction/destruction
	memory_access_cache()
		: m_space(nullptr),
		  m_addrmask(0),
		  m_addrstart_r(1),
		  m_addrend_r(0),
		  m_addrstart_w(1),
		  m_addrend_w(0),
		  m_cache_r(nullptr),
		  m_cache_w(nullptr),
		  m_root_read(nullptr),
		  m_root_write(nullptr)
	{
	}

	~memory_access_cache();

	// see if an address is within bounds, update it if not
	void check_address_r(offs_t address) {
		if(address >= m_addrstart_r && address <= m_addrend_r)
			return;
		m_root_read->lookup(address, m_addrstart_r, m_addrend_r, m_cache_r);
	}

	void check_address_w(offs_t address) {
		if(address >= m_addrstart_w && address <= m_addrend_w)
			return;
		m_root_write->lookup(address, m_addrstart_w, m_addrend_w, m_cache_w);
	}

	// accessor methods

	inline address_space &space() const {
		return *m_space;
	}

	void *read_ptr(offs_t address) {
		address &= m_addrmask;
		check_address_r(address);
		return m_cache_r->get_ptr(address);
	}

	auto rop()  { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> NativeType { return read_native(offset, mask); }; }
	auto ropf() { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType mask) -> std::pair<NativeType, u16> { return read_native_flags(offset, mask); }; }
	auto wop()  { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) -> void { write_native(offset, data, mask); }; }
	auto wopf() { return [this](offs_t offset, NativeType data, NativeType mask) -> u16 { return write_native_flags(offset, data, mask); }; }

	u8  read_byte(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 0) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(rop(), address, 0xff); }
	u16 read_word(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 1) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(rop(), address, 0xffff); }
	u16 read_word(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(rop(), address, 0xffff); }
	u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u32 read_dword(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 2) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(rop(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	u32 read_dword(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(rop(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u64 read_qword(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 3) return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(rop(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u64 read_qword(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(rop(), address, mask); }
	u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(rop(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(rop(), address, mask); }

	void write_byte(offs_t address, u8 data) { if constexpr(Width == 0) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data) { if constexpr(Width == 1) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wop(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data) { if constexpr(Width == 2) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data) { if constexpr(Width == 3) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wop(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { memory_write_generic<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wop(), address, data, mask); }


	std::pair<u8,  u16> read_byte_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 0) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(ropf(), address, 0xff); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 1) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(ropf(), address, 0xffff); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(ropf(), address, 0xffff); }
	std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 2) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffff); }
	std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_flags(offs_t address) { if constexpr(Width == 3) return read_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK); else return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(ropf(), address, mask); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(ropf(), address, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 mask) { return memory_read_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(ropf(), address, mask); }

	u16 write_byte_flags(offs_t address, u8 data) { if constexpr(Width == 0) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 0, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xff); }
	u16 write_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 data) { if constexpr(Width == 1) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	u16 write_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, true>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 data) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffff); }
	u16 write_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 1, false>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 data) { if constexpr(Width == 2) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	u16 write_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, true>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 data) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	u16 write_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 2, false>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 data) { if constexpr(Width == 3) return write_native_flags(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u16 write_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, true>(wop(), address, data, mask); }
	u16 write_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 data) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wopf(), address, data, 0xffffffffffffffffU); }
	u16 write_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) { return memory_write_generic_flags<Width, AddrShift, Endian, 3, false>(wopf(), address, data, mask); }

private:
	address_space *             m_space;

	offs_t                      m_addrmask;                // address mask
	offs_t                      m_addrstart_r;             // minimum valid address for reading
	offs_t                      m_addrend_r;               // maximum valid address for reading
	offs_t                      m_addrstart_w;             // minimum valid address for writing
	offs_t                      m_addrend_w;               // maximum valid address for writing
	handler_entry_read <Width, AddrShift> *m_cache_r;  // read cache
	handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *m_cache_w;  // write cache

	handler_entry_read <Width, AddrShift> *m_root_read;  // decode tree roots
	handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *m_root_write;

	NativeType read_native(offs_t address, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0));
	void write_native(offs_t address, NativeType data, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0));
	std::pair<NativeType, u16> read_native_flags(offs_t address, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0));
	u16 write_native_flags(offs_t address, NativeType data, NativeType mask = ~NativeType(0));

	void set(address_space *space, std::pair<void *, void *> rw);
};

} // namespace emu::detail


// ======================> memory_access cache/specific type dispatcher

template<int HighBits, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> struct memory_access {
	static constexpr int Level = emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level(HighBits);

	using cache = emu::detail::memory_access_cache<Width, AddrShift, Endian>;
	using specific = emu::detail::memory_access_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>;
};



// ======================> address_space_config

// describes an address space and provides basic functions to map addresses to bytes
class address_space_config
{
	friend class address_map;

public:
	// construction/destruction
	address_space_config();
	address_space_config(const char *name, endianness_t endian, u8 datawidth, u8 addrwidth, s8 addrshift = 0, address_map_constructor internal = address_map_constructor());
	address_space_config(const char *name, endianness_t endian, u8 datawidth, u8 addrwidth, s8 addrshift, u8 logwidth, u8 pageshift, address_map_constructor internal = address_map_constructor());

	// getters
	const char *name() const { return m_name; }
	endianness_t endianness() const { return m_endianness; }
	int data_width() const { return m_data_width; }
	int addr_width() const { return m_addr_width; }
	int addr_shift() const { return m_addr_shift; }
	int logaddr_width() const { return m_logaddr_width; }
	int page_shift() const { return m_page_shift; }
	bool is_octal() const { return m_is_octal; }

	// Actual alignment of the bus addresses
	int alignment() const { int bytes = m_data_width / 8; return m_addr_shift < 0 ? bytes >> -m_addr_shift : bytes << m_addr_shift; }

	// Address delta to byte delta helpers
	inline offs_t addr2byte(offs_t address) const { return (m_addr_shift < 0) ? (address << -m_addr_shift) : (address >> m_addr_shift); }
	inline offs_t byte2addr(offs_t address) const { return (m_addr_shift > 0) ? (address << m_addr_shift) : (address >> -m_addr_shift); }

	// address-to-byte conversion helpers
	inline offs_t addr2byte_end(offs_t address) const { return (m_addr_shift < 0) ? ((address << -m_addr_shift) | ((1 << -m_addr_shift) - 1)) : (address >> m_addr_shift); }
	inline offs_t byte2addr_end(offs_t address) const { return (m_addr_shift > 0) ? ((address << m_addr_shift) | ((1 << m_addr_shift) - 1)) : (address >> -m_addr_shift); }

	// state (TODO: privatize)
	const char *        m_name;
	endianness_t        m_endianness;
	u8                  m_data_width;
	u8                  m_addr_width;
	s8                  m_addr_shift;
	u8                  m_logaddr_width;
	u8                  m_page_shift;
	bool                m_is_octal;                 // to determine if messages/debugger will show octal or hex

	address_map_constructor m_internal_map;
};


// ======================> address_space

class address_space_installer {
public:
	const address_space_config &space_config() const { return m_config; }
	int data_width() const { return m_config.data_width(); }
	int addr_width() const { return m_config.addr_width(); }
	int logaddr_width() const { return m_config.logaddr_width(); }
	int alignment() const { return m_config.alignment(); }
	endianness_t endianness() const { return m_config.endianness(); }
	int addr_shift() const { return m_config.addr_shift(); }
	bool is_octal() const { return m_config.is_octal(); }

	// address-to-byte conversion helpers
	offs_t address_to_byte(offs_t address) const { return m_config.addr2byte(address); }
	offs_t address_to_byte_end(offs_t address) const { return m_config.addr2byte_end(address); }
	offs_t byte_to_address(offs_t address) const { return m_config.byte2addr(address); }
	offs_t byte_to_address_end(offs_t address) const { return m_config.byte2addr_end(address); }

	offs_t addrmask() const { return m_addrmask; }
	u8 addrchars() const { return m_addrchars; }
	offs_t logaddrmask() const { return m_logaddrmask; }
	u8 logaddrchars() const { return m_logaddrchars; }

	// unmap ranges (short form)
	void unmap_read(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror = 0, u16 flags = 0) { unmap_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::READ, false); }
	void unmap_write(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror = 0, u16 flags = 0) { unmap_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::WRITE, false); }
	void unmap_readwrite(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror = 0, u16 flags = 0) { unmap_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::READWRITE, false); }
	void nop_read(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror = 0, u16 flags = 0) { unmap_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::READ, true); }
	void nop_write(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror = 0, u16 flags = 0) { unmap_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::WRITE, true); }
	void nop_readwrite(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror = 0, u16 flags = 0) { unmap_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::READWRITE, true); }

	// install ports, banks, RAM (short form)
	void install_read_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, const char *rtag) { install_read_port(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, rtag); }
	void install_write_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, const char *wtag) { install_write_port(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, wtag); }
	void install_readwrite_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, const char *rtag, const char *wtag) { install_readwrite_port(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, rtag, wtag); }
	void install_read_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, memory_bank *bank) { install_read_bank(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, bank); }
	void install_write_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, memory_bank *bank) { install_write_bank(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, bank); }
	void install_readwrite_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, memory_bank *bank) { install_readwrite_bank(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, bank); }
	void install_rom(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, void *baseptr) { install_rom(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, baseptr); }
	void install_writeonly(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, void *baseptr) { install_writeonly(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, baseptr); }
	void install_ram(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, void *baseptr) { install_ram(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, baseptr); }

	// install ports, banks, RAM (with mirror/mask)
	void install_read_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, const char *rtag) { install_readwrite_port(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, rtag, ""); }
	void install_write_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, const char *wtag) { install_readwrite_port(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, "", wtag); }
	void install_readwrite_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string rtag, std::string wtag) { install_readwrite_port(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, rtag, wtag); }
	void install_read_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_bank *bank) { install_bank_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, bank, nullptr); }
	void install_write_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_bank *bank) { install_bank_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, nullptr, bank); }
	void install_readwrite_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_bank *bank)  { install_bank_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, bank, bank); }
	void install_rom(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, void *baseptr) { install_ram_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, read_or_write::READ, baseptr); }
	void install_writeonly(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, void *baseptr) { install_ram_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, read_or_write::WRITE, baseptr); }
	void install_ram(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, void *baseptr) { install_ram_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, 0, read_or_write::READWRITE, baseptr); }

	// install ports, banks, RAM (with mirror/mask/flags)
	void install_read_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, const char *rtag) { install_readwrite_port(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, rtag, ""); }
	void install_write_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, const char *wtag) { install_readwrite_port(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, "", wtag); }
	virtual void install_readwrite_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, std::string rtag, std::string wtag) = 0;
	void install_read_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, memory_bank *bank) { install_bank_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, bank, nullptr); }
	void install_write_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, memory_bank *bank) { install_bank_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, nullptr, bank); }
	void install_readwrite_bank(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, memory_bank *bank)  { install_bank_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, bank, bank); }
	void install_rom(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, void *baseptr) { install_ram_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::READ, baseptr); }
	void install_writeonly(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, void *baseptr) { install_ram_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::WRITE, baseptr); }
	void install_ram(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, void *baseptr) { install_ram_generic(addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, flags, read_or_write::READWRITE, baseptr); }

	// install device memory maps
	template <typename T> void install_device(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, T &device, void (T::*map)(address_map &map), u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) {
		address_map_constructor delegate(map, "dynamic_device_install", &device);
		install_device_delegate(addrstart, addrend, device, delegate, unitmask, cswidth, flags);
	}

	virtual void install_device_delegate(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, device_t &device, address_map_constructor &map, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

	// install taps without mirroring
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_read_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_read_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_read_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_read_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_write_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_write_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_write_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_write_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tap, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_readwrite_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tapr, tapw, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_readwrite_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tapr, tapw, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_readwrite_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tapr, tapw, mph); }
	memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr) { return install_readwrite_tap(addrstart, addrend, 0, name, tapr, tapw, mph); }

	// install taps with mirroring
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_read_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_write_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tap, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u8  &data, u8  mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u16 &data, u16 mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u32 &data, u32 mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);
	virtual memory_passthrough_handler *install_readwrite_tap(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, std::string name, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tapr, std::function<void (offs_t offset, u64 &data, u64 mem_mask)> tapw, memory_passthrough_handler *mph = nullptr);

	// install views
	void install_view(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, memory_view &view) { install_view(addrstart, addrend, 0, view); }
	virtual void install_view(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_view &view) = 0;

	// install new-style delegate handlers (short form)
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write8_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8_delegate rhandler, write8_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write16_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16_delegate rhandler, write16_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write32_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32_delegate rhandler, write32_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write64_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64_delegate rhandler, write64_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write8m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8m_delegate rhandler, write8m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write16m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16m_delegate rhandler, write16m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write32m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32m_delegate rhandler, write32m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write64m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64m_delegate rhandler, write64m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write8s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8s_delegate rhandler, write8s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write16s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16s_delegate rhandler, write16s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write32s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32s_delegate rhandler, write32s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write64s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64s_delegate rhandler, write64s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write8sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8sm_delegate rhandler, write8sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write16sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16sm_delegate rhandler, write16sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write32sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32sm_delegate rhandler, write32sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write64sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64sm_delegate rhandler, write64sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write8mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8mo_delegate rhandler, write8mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write16mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16mo_delegate rhandler, write16mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write32mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32mo_delegate rhandler, write32mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write64mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64mo_delegate rhandler, write64mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }

	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write8smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read8smo_delegate rhandler, write8smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write16smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read16smo_delegate rhandler, write16smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write32smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read32smo_delegate rhandler, write32smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { return install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, write64smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }
	void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, read64smo_delegate rhandler, write64smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) { install_readwrite_handler(addrstart, addrend, 0, 0, 0, rhandler, whandler, unitmask, cswidth, flags); }

	// install new-style delegate handlers (with mirror/mask)
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8_delegate rhandler, write8_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16_delegate rhandler, write16_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32_delegate rhandler, write32_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64_delegate rhandler, write64_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8m_delegate rhandler, write8m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16m_delegate rhandler, write16m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32m_delegate rhandler, write32m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64m_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64m_delegate rhandler, write64m_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8s_delegate rhandler, write8s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16s_delegate rhandler, write16s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32s_delegate rhandler, write32s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64s_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64s_delegate rhandler, write64s_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8sm_delegate rhandler, write8sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16sm_delegate rhandler, write16sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32sm_delegate rhandler, write32sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64sm_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64sm_delegate rhandler, write64sm_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8mo_delegate rhandler, write8mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16mo_delegate rhandler, write16mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32mo_delegate rhandler, write32mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64mo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64mo_delegate rhandler, write64mo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8smo_delegate rhandler, write8smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16smo_delegate rhandler, write16smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32smo_delegate rhandler, write32smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64smo_delegate rhandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;
	virtual void install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64smo_delegate rhandler, write64smo_delegate whandler, u64 unitmask = 0, int cswidth = 0, u16 flags = 0) = 0;

protected:
	virtual void unmap_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, read_or_write readorwrite, bool quiet) = 0;
	virtual void install_ram_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, read_or_write readorwrite, void *baseptr) = 0;
	virtual void install_bank_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, u16 flags, memory_bank *rbank, memory_bank *wbank) = 0;

	void populate_map_entry(const address_map_entry &entry, read_or_write readorwrite);
	void adjust_addresses(offs_t &start, offs_t &end, offs_t &mask, offs_t &mirror) {
		// adjust start/end/mask values
		mask &= m_addrmask;
		start &= ~mirror & m_addrmask;
		end &= ~mirror & m_addrmask;
	}

	void check_optimize_all(const char *function, int width, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth, offs_t &nstart, offs_t &nend, offs_t &nmask, offs_t &nmirror, u64 &nunitmask, int &ncswidth);
	void check_optimize_mirror(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t &nstart, offs_t &nend, offs_t &nmask, offs_t &nmirror);
	void check_address(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend);

	address_space_installer(const address_space_config &config, memory_manager &manager)
		: m_config(config),
		  m_manager(manager),
		  m_addrmask(make_bitmask<offs_t>(m_config.addr_width())),
		  m_logaddrmask(make_bitmask<offs_t>(m_config.logaddr_width())),
		  m_addrchars((m_config.addr_width() + 3) / 4),
		  m_logaddrchars((m_config.logaddr_width() + 3) / 4)
	{}

	const address_space_config &m_config;       // configuration of this space
	memory_manager &            m_manager;          // reference to the owning manager
	offs_t                      m_addrmask;         // physical address mask
	offs_t                      m_logaddrmask;      // logical address mask
	u8                          m_addrchars;        // number of characters to use for physical addresses
	u8                          m_logaddrchars;     // number of characters to use for logical addresses
};

// address_space holds live information about an address space
class address_space : public address_space_installer
{
	friend class memory_bank;
	friend class memory_block;
	template<int Width, int AddrShift> friend class handler_entry_read_unmapped;
	template<int Width, int AddrShift> friend class handler_entry_write_unmapped;

	struct notifier_t {
		std::function<void (read_or_write)> m_notifier;
		int m_id;
	};

protected:
	// construction/destruction
	address_space(memory_manager &manager, device_memory_interface &memory, int spacenum);

public:
	virtual ~address_space();

	// getters
	device_t &device() const { return m_device; }
	const char *name() const { return m_name; }
	int spacenum() const { return m_spacenum; }
	address_map *map() const { return m_map.get(); }

	template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void cache(emu::detail::memory_access_cache<Width, AddrShift, Endian> &v) {
		if(AddrShift != m_config.addr_shift())
			fatalerror("Requesting cache() with address shift %d while the config says %d\n", AddrShift, m_config.addr_shift());
		if(8 << Width != m_config.data_width())
			fatalerror("Requesting cache() with data width %d while the config says %d\n", 8 << Width, m_config.data_width());
		if(Endian != m_config.endianness())
			fatalerror("Requesting cache() with endianness %s while the config says %s\n",
					   util::endian_to_string_view(Endian), util::endian_to_string_view(m_config.endianness()));

		v.set(this, get_cache_info());
	}

	template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> void specific(emu::detail::memory_access_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian> &v) {
		if(Level != emu::detail::handler_entry_dispatch_level(m_config.addr_width()))
			fatalerror("Requesting specific() with wrong level, bad address width (the config says %d)\n", m_config.addr_width());
		if(AddrShift != m_config.addr_shift())
			fatalerror("Requesting specific() with address shift %d while the config says %d\n", AddrShift, m_config.addr_shift());
		if(8 << Width != m_config.data_width())
			fatalerror("Requesting specific() with data width %d while the config says %d\n", 8 << Width, m_config.data_width());
		if(Endian != m_config.endianness())
			fatalerror("Requesting spefific() with endianness %s while the config says %s\n",
					   util::endian_to_string_view(Endian), util::endian_to_string_view(m_config.endianness()));

		v.set(this, get_specific_info());
	}

	int add_change_notifier(std::function<void (read_or_write)> n);
	void remove_change_notifier(int id);

	void invalidate_caches(read_or_write mode) {
		if(u32(mode) & ~m_in_notification) {
			u32 old = m_in_notification;
			m_in_notification |= u32(mode);
			for(const auto &n : m_notifiers)
				n.m_notifier(mode);
			m_in_notification = old;
		}
	}

	virtual void validate_reference_counts() const = 0;

	virtual void remove_passthrough(std::unordered_set<handler_entry *> &handlers) = 0;

	u64 unmap() const { return m_unmap; }

	memory_passthrough_handler *make_mph();

	// debug helpers
	virtual std::string get_handler_string(read_or_write readorwrite, offs_t byteaddress) const = 0;
	virtual void dump_maps(std::vector<memory_entry> &read_map, std::vector<memory_entry> &write_map) const = 0;
	bool log_unmap() const { return m_log_unmap; }
	void set_log_unmap(bool log) { m_log_unmap = log; }

	// general accessors
	virtual void accessors(data_accessors &accessors) const = 0;
	virtual void *get_read_ptr(offs_t address) const = 0;
	virtual void *get_write_ptr(offs_t address) const = 0;

	// read accessors
	virtual u8 read_byte(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u16 read_word(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u16 read_word(offs_t address, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual u32 read_dword(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u32 read_dword(offs_t address, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual u64 read_qword(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u64 read_qword(offs_t address, u64 mask) = 0;
	virtual u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual u64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 mask) = 0;

	// write accessors
	virtual void write_byte(offs_t address, u8 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_word(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_dword(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_qword(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) = 0;
	virtual void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data) = 0;
	virtual void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) = 0;

	// read accessors with flags
	virtual std::pair<u8,  u16> read_byte_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u16, u16> read_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u32, u16> read_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 mask) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address) = 0;
	virtual std::pair<u64, u16> read_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 mask) = 0;

	// write accessors with flags
	virtual u16 write_byte_flags(offs_t address, u8 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_word_flags(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_word_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u16 data, u16 mask) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_dword_flags(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_dword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u32 data, u32 mask) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_qword_flags(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 data) = 0;
	virtual u16 write_qword_unaligned_flags(offs_t address, u64 data, u64 mask) = 0;

	// setup
	void prepare_map();
	void prepare_device_map(address_map &map);
	void populate_from_map(address_map *map = nullptr);

	template<int Width, int AddrShift> handler_entry_read_unmapped <Width, AddrShift> *get_unmap_r() const { return static_cast<handler_entry_read_unmapped <Width, AddrShift> *>(m_unmap_r); }
	template<int Width, int AddrShift> handler_entry_write_unmapped<Width, AddrShift> *get_unmap_w() const { return static_cast<handler_entry_write_unmapped<Width, AddrShift> *>(m_unmap_w); }

	handler_entry *unmap_r() const { return m_unmap_r; }
	handler_entry *unmap_w() const { return m_unmap_w; }
	handler_entry *nop_r() const { return m_nop_r; }
	handler_entry *nop_w() const { return m_nop_w; }

protected:
	// internal helpers
	virtual std::pair<void *, void *> get_cache_info() = 0;
	virtual std::pair<const void *, const void *> get_specific_info() = 0;

	void prepare_map_generic(address_map &map, bool allow_alloc);

	// private state
	device_t &              m_device;           // reference to the owning device
	std::unique_ptr<address_map> m_map;         // original memory map
	u64                     m_unmap;            // unmapped value
	int                     m_spacenum;         // address space index
	bool                    m_log_unmap;        // log unmapped accesses in this space?
	const char *            m_name;             // friendly name of the address space

	handler_entry           *m_unmap_r;
	handler_entry           *m_unmap_w;

	handler_entry           *m_nop_r;
	handler_entry           *m_nop_w;

	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<memory_passthrough_handler>> m_mphs;

	std::vector<notifier_t> m_notifiers;        // notifier list for address map change
	int                     m_notifier_id;      // next notifier id
	u32                     m_in_notification;  // notification(s) currently being done
};


// ======================> memory_bank

// a memory bank is a global pointer to memory that can be shared across devices and changed dynamically
class memory_bank
{
public:
	// construction/destruction
	memory_bank(device_t &device, std::string tag);
	~memory_bank();

	// getters
	running_machine &machine() const { return m_machine; }
	int entry() const { return m_curentry; }
	void *base() const { return m_entries.empty() ? nullptr : m_entries[m_curentry]; }
	const std::string &tag() const { return m_tag; }
	const std::string &name() const { return m_name; }

	// set the base explicitly
	void set_base(void *base);

	// configure and set entries
	void configure_entry(int entrynum, void *base);
	void configure_entries(int startentry, int numentries, void *base, offs_t stride);
	void set_entry(int entrynum);

private:
	// internal state
	running_machine &       m_machine;              // need the machine to free our memory
	std::vector<u8 *>       m_entries;              // the entries
	int                     m_curentry;             // current entry
	std::string             m_name;                 // friendly name for this bank
	std::string             m_tag;                  // tag for this bank
};


// ======================> memory_share

// a memory share contains information about shared memory region
class memory_share
{
public:
	// construction/destruction
	memory_share(std::string name, u8 width, size_t bytes, endianness_t endianness, void *ptr)
		: m_name(name),
		  m_ptr(ptr),
		  m_bytes(bytes),
		  m_endianness(endianness),
		  m_bitwidth(width),
		  m_bytewidth(width <= 8 ? 1 : width <= 16 ? 2 : width <= 32 ? 4 : 8)
	{ }

	// getters
	const std::string &name() const { return m_name; }
	void *ptr() const { return m_ptr; }
	size_t bytes() const { return m_bytes; }
	endianness_t endianness() const { return m_endianness; }
	u8 bitwidth() const { return m_bitwidth; }
	u8 bytewidth() const { return m_bytewidth; }

	std::string compare(u8 width, size_t bytes, endianness_t endianness) const;

private:
	// internal state
	std::string             m_name;                 // share name
	void *                  m_ptr;                  // pointer to the memory backing the region
	size_t                  m_bytes;                // size of the shared region in bytes
	endianness_t            m_endianness;           // endianness of the memory
	u8                      m_bitwidth;             // width of the shared region in bits
	u8                      m_bytewidth;            // width in bytes, rounded up to a power of 2

};


// ======================> memory_region

// memory region object
class memory_region
{
	DISABLE_COPYING(memory_region);
public:
	// construction/destruction
	memory_region(running_machine &machine, std::string name, u32 length, u8 width, endianness_t endian);

	// getters
	running_machine &machine() const { return m_machine; }
	u8 *base() { return (m_buffer.size() > 0) ? &m_buffer[0] : nullptr; }
	u8 *end() { return base() + m_buffer.size(); }
	u32 bytes() const { return m_buffer.size(); }
	const std::string &name() const { return m_name; }

	// flag expansion
	endianness_t endianness() const { return m_endianness; }
	u8 bitwidth() const { return m_bitwidth; }
	u8 bytewidth() const { return m_bytewidth; }

	// data access
	u8 &as_u8(offs_t offset = 0) { return m_buffer[offset]; }
	u16 &as_u16(offs_t offset = 0) { return reinterpret_cast<u16 *>(base())[offset]; }
	u32 &as_u32(offs_t offset = 0) { return reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(base())[offset]; }
	u64 &as_u64(offs_t offset = 0) { return reinterpret_cast<u64 *>(base())[offset]; }

private:
	// internal data
	running_machine &       m_machine;
	std::string             m_name;
	std::vector<u8>         m_buffer;
	endianness_t            m_endianness;
	u8                      m_bitwidth;
	u8                      m_bytewidth;
};



// ======================> memory_view

// a memory view allows switching between submaps in the map
class memory_view
{
	template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> friend class address_space_specific;
	template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift> friend class memory_view_entry_specific;
	template<int HighBits, int Width, int AddrShift> friend class handler_entry_write_dispatch;
	template<int HighBits, int Width, int AddrShift> friend class handler_entry_read_dispatch;
	friend class memory_view_entry;
	friend class address_map_entry;
	friend class address_map;
	friend class device_t;

	DISABLE_COPYING(memory_view);

public:
	class memory_view_entry : public address_space_installer {
	public:
		virtual ~memory_view_entry() = default;

		address_map_entry &operator()(offs_t start, offs_t end);

		virtual void populate_from_map(address_map *map = nullptr) = 0;

		std::string key() const;

	protected:
		memory_view &m_view;
		std::unique_ptr<address_map> m_map;
		int m_id;

		memory_view_entry(const address_space_config &config, memory_manager &manager, memory_view &view, int id);
		void prepare_map_generic(address_map &map, bool allow_alloc);
		void prepare_device_map(address_map &map);

		void check_range_optimize_all(const char *function, int width, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, u64 unitmask, int cswidth, offs_t &nstart, offs_t &nend, offs_t &nmask, offs_t &nmirror, u64 &nunitmask, int &ncswidth);
		void check_range_optimize_mirror(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t &nstart, offs_t &nend, offs_t &nmask, offs_t &nmirror);
		void check_range_address(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend);
	};

	memory_view(device_t &device, std::string name);
	~memory_view();

	memory_view_entry &operator[](int slot);

	void select(int entry);
	void disable();

	std::optional<int> entry() const { return m_cur_id == -1 ? std::optional<int>() : m_cur_slot; }

	const std::string &name() const { return m_name; }

private:

	device_t &                                      m_device;
	std::string                                     m_name;
	std::map<int, int>                              m_entry_mapping;
	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<memory_view_entry>> m_entries;
	const address_space_config *                    m_config;
	offs_t                                          m_addrstart;
	offs_t                                          m_addrend;
	address_space *                                 m_space;
	handler_entry *                                 m_handler_read;
	handler_entry *                                 m_handler_write;
	int                                             m_cur_id;
	int                                             m_cur_slot;
	std::string                                     m_context;

	void initialize_from_address_map(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, const address_space_config &config);
	std::pair<handler_entry *, handler_entry *> make_handlers(address_space &space, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend);
	void make_subdispatch(std::string context);
	int id_to_slot(int id) const;
	void register_state();
};



// ======================> memory_manager

// holds internal state for the memory system
class memory_manager
{
	friend class address_space;
	template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian> friend class address_space_specific;
public:
	// construction/destruction
	memory_manager(running_machine &machine);
	~memory_manager();

	// initialize the memory spaces from the memory maps of the devices
	void initialize();

	// getters
	running_machine &machine() const { return m_machine; }

	// used for the debugger interface memory views
	const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<memory_bank>> &banks() const { return m_banklist; }
	const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<memory_region>> &regions() const { return m_regionlist; }
	const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<memory_share>> &shares() const { return m_sharelist; }

	// anonymous memory zones
	void *anonymous_alloc(address_space &space, size_t bytes, u8 width, offs_t start, offs_t end, const std::string &key = "");

	// shares
	memory_share *share_alloc(device_t &dev, std::string name, u8 width, size_t bytes, endianness_t endianness);
	memory_share *share_find(std::string name);

	// banks
	memory_bank *bank_alloc(device_t &device, std::string tag);
	memory_bank *bank_find(std::string tag);

	// regions
	memory_region *region_alloc(std::string name, u32 length, u8 width, endianness_t endian);
	memory_region *region_find(std::string name);
	void region_free(std::string name);

private:
	struct stdlib_deleter { void operator()(void *p) const { free(p); } };

	// internal state
	running_machine &           m_machine;              // reference to the machine

	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<void, stdlib_deleter>>               m_datablocks;           // list of memory blocks to free on exit
	std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<memory_bank>>    m_banklist;             // map of banks
	std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<memory_share>>   m_sharelist;            // map of shares
	std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<memory_region>>  m_regionlist;           // map of memory regions

	// Allocate the address spaces
	void allocate(device_memory_interface &memory);

	// Allocate some ram and register it for saving
	void *allocate_memory(device_t &dev, int spacenum, std::string name, u8 width, size_t bytes);
};



//**************************************************************************
//  MACROS
//**************************************************************************


// helper macro for merging data with the memory mask
#define COMBINE_DATA(varptr)            (*(varptr) = (*(varptr) & ~mem_mask) | (data & mem_mask))

#define ACCESSING_BITS_0_7              ((mem_mask & 0x000000ffU) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_8_15             ((mem_mask & 0x0000ff00U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_16_23            ((mem_mask & 0x00ff0000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_24_31            ((mem_mask & 0xff000000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_32_39            ((mem_mask & 0x000000ff00000000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_40_47            ((mem_mask & 0x0000ff0000000000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_48_55            ((mem_mask & 0x00ff000000000000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_56_63            ((mem_mask & 0xff00000000000000U) != 0)

#define ACCESSING_BITS_0_15             ((mem_mask & 0x0000ffffU) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_16_31            ((mem_mask & 0xffff0000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_32_47            ((mem_mask & 0x0000ffff00000000U) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_48_63            ((mem_mask & 0xffff000000000000U) != 0)

#define ACCESSING_BITS_0_31             ((mem_mask & 0xffffffffU) != 0)
#define ACCESSING_BITS_32_63            ((mem_mask & 0xffffffff00000000U) != 0)


// helpers for checking address alignment
#define WORD_ALIGNED(a)                 (((a) & 1) == 0)
#define DWORD_ALIGNED(a)                (((a) & 3) == 0)
#define QWORD_ALIGNED(a)                (((a) & 7) == 0)


template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian>
typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX
emu::detail::memory_access_cache<Width, AddrShift, Endian>::
read_native(offs_t address, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX mask)
{
	address &= m_addrmask;
	check_address_r(address);
	return m_cache_r->read(address, mask);
}

template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian>
void emu::detail::memory_access_cache<Width, AddrShift, Endian>::
write_native(offs_t address, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX data, typename emu::detail::handler_entry_size<Width>::uX mask)
{
	address &= m_addrmask;
	check_address_w(address);
	m_cache_w->write(address, data, mask);
}

void memory_passthrough_handler::remove()
{
	m_space.remove_passthrough(m_handlers);
}


template<int Level, int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian>
void emu::detail::memory_access_specific<Level, Width, AddrShift, Endian>::
set(address_space *space, std::pair<const void *, const void *> rw)
{
	m_space = space;
	m_addrmask = space->addrmask();
	m_dispatch_read  = (const handler_entry_read <Width, AddrShift> *const *)(rw.first);
	m_dispatch_write = (const handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *const *)(rw.second);
}


template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian>
void emu::detail::memory_access_cache<Width, AddrShift, Endian>::
set(address_space *space, std::pair<void *, void *> rw)
{
	m_space = space;
	m_addrmask = space->addrmask();

	space->add_change_notifier([this](read_or_write mode) {
								   if(u32(mode) & u32(read_or_write::READ)) {
									   m_addrend_r = 0;
									   m_addrstart_r = 1;
									   m_cache_r = nullptr;
								   }
								   if(u32(mode) & u32(read_or_write::WRITE)) {
									   m_addrend_w = 0;
									   m_addrstart_w = 1;
									   m_cache_w = nullptr;
								   }
							   });
	m_root_read  = (handler_entry_read <Width, AddrShift> *)(rw.first);
	m_root_write = (handler_entry_write<Width, AddrShift> *)(rw.second);

	// Protect against a wandering memset
	m_addrstart_r = 1;
	m_addrend_r = 0;
	m_cache_r = nullptr;
	m_addrstart_w = 1;
	m_addrend_w = 0;
	m_cache_w = nullptr;
}

template<int Width, int AddrShift, endianness_t Endian>
emu::detail::memory_access_cache<Width, AddrShift, Endian>::
~memory_access_cache()
{
}

#endif  /* MAME_EMU_EMUMEM_H */