// license:BSD-3-Clause // copyright-holders:Aaron Giles /*************************************************************************** Williams 6809 system **************************************************************************** The basic video system involves a 4-bit-per-pixel bitmap, oriented in inverted X/Y order. That is, pixels (0,0) and (1,0) come from the byte at offset 0. Pixels (2,0) and (3,0) come from the byte at offset 256. Pixels (4,0) and (5,0) come from the byte at offset 512. Etc. Defender and Stargate simply draw graphics to the framebuffer directly with no extra intervention. Later games added a pair of "special chips" (Special Chip 1, and Special Chip 2, abbreviated for clarity as SC1 and SC2) to the board which are special purpose blitters. During their operation they HALT the main CPU so that they can control the busses. The operation of the chips is described in detail below. The original SC1 had a bug that forced an XOR of the width and height values with 4. This was fixed in the SC2, which was used on several later games. Beginning with Sinistar, additional video tweaks were added. In Sinistar, a clipping window can be specified and enabled in order to prevent the blitter chip from drawing beyond a certain address. This clipping window can be switched on and off at will. In Blaster, a number of features were added. First, a fixed window can be enabled which cuts off blitter drawing at 0x9700. Second, on a per-scanline basis, an "erase behind" feature can be turned on which clears the video RAM to 0 after it is refreshed to the screen. Third, on a per-scanline basis, an alternate color can be latched as the new background color. For Mystic Marathon and the 3 other "2nd generation" Williams games, a tilemap background layer was added. This layer consisted of 24x16 tiles and only scrolled in the X direction. In addition, the palette was expanded to 1024 entries, some of which were used for the tilemap. The traditional foreground bitmap could be configured to use any bank of 16 colors from the full palette. **************************************************************************** Blitter description from Sean Riddle's page: This page contains information about the Williams Special Chips, which were 'bit blitters'- block transfer chips that could move data around on the screen and in memory faster than the CPU. In fact, I've timed the special chips at 16 megs in 18.1 seconds. That's 910K/sec, not bad for the early 80s. The blitters were not used in Defender and Stargate, but were added to the ROM boards of the later games. Splat!, Blaster, Mystic Marathon and Joust 2 used Special Chip 2s. The only difference that I've seen is that SC1s have a small bug. When you tell the SC1 the size of the data to move, you have to exclusive-or the width and height with 4. The SC2s eliminate this bug. The blitters were accessed at memory location $CA00-CA06. CA01 is the mask, usually $FF to move all bits. CA02-3 is the source data location. CA04-5 is the destination data location. Writing to CA00 starts the blit, and the byte written determines how the data is blitted. Bit 0 indicates that the source data is either laid out linear, one pixel after the last, or in screen format, where there are 256 bytes from one pair of pixels to the next. Bit 1 indicates the same, but for the destination data. I'm not sure what bit 2 does. Looking at the image, I can't tell, but perhaps it has to do with the mask. My test files only used a mask of $FF. Bit 3 tells the blitter only to blit the foreground- that is, everything that is not color 0. Also known as transparency mode. Bit 4 is 'solid' mode. Only the color indicated by the mask is blitted. Note that this just creates a rectangle unless bit 3 is also set, in which case it blits the image, but in a solid color. Bit 5 shifts the image one pixel to the right. Any data on the far right jumps to the far left. Bits 6 and 7 only blit every other pixel of the image. Bit 6 says even only, while bit 7 says odd only. ****************************************************************************** Special Chip 1 and 2 aka VLSI VL2001/2001A Pinout: _______ _______ _|* \__/ |_ /E <- |_|1 40|_| ?-> /WINH _| |_ TCF <- |_|2 39|_| -> A15 _| |_ /HTCF <-? |_|3 38|_| -> A14 _| |_ D7 <> |_|4 37|_| -> A13 _| |_ /HALT -> |_|5 36|_| <- /RESET _| |_ /BABS -> |_|6 35|_| == /4MHZ _| |_ D6 <> |_|7 34|_| -> A12 _| |_ D5 <> |_|8 33|_| -> A11 _| |_ D4 <> |_|9 5 V 32|_| -> A10 _| 4 T |_ (not bonded, pcb GND) N/C |_|10 1 V I 31|_| -> A9 _| 0 L |_ D3 <> |_|11 - 2 30|_| -> A8 _| 0 0 8 |_ D2 <> |_|12 9 0 2 29|_| -- VCC(+5v) _| 8 1 2 |_ D1 <> |_|13 6 0 28|_| <> A0 _| 6 |_ U/L -> |_|14 27|_| <> A1 _| |_ (not bonded, pcb +12v) N/C |_|15 26|_| <> A2 _| |_ GND -- |_|16 25|_| <- /CS _| |_ D0 <> |_|17 24|_| N/C (not bonded, pcb GND) _| |_ R/W <>? |_|18 23|_| -> A7 _| |_ A3 <- |_|19 22|_| -> A6 _| |_ A4 <- |_|20 21|_| -> A5 |__________________| The full silkscreen markings of SC1 (under the "Special Chip 1" sticker, if it is present) are: VTI 8220 VL2001 5410-09866 The full silkscreen markings of SC2 (under the "Special Chip 2" sticker, if it is present) are: 242 VL2001A 5410-09958 ******************************************************************************/ #include "emu.h" #include "video/resnet.h" #include "includes/williams.h" /************************************* * * Williams video startup * *************************************/ void williams_state::state_save_register() { save_item(NAME(m_blitter_window_enable)); save_item(NAME(m_cocktail)); save_item(NAME(m_blitterram)); save_item(NAME(m_blitter_remap_index)); } VIDEO_START_MEMBER(williams_state,williams) { blitter_init(m_blitter_config, nullptr); state_save_register(); } VIDEO_START_MEMBER(blaster_state,blaster) { blitter_init(m_blitter_config, memregion("proms")->base()); state_save_register(); save_item(NAME(m_blaster_color0)); save_item(NAME(m_blaster_video_control)); } VIDEO_START_MEMBER(williams2_state,williams2) { blitter_init(m_blitter_config, nullptr); /* create the tilemap */ m_bg_tilemap = &machine().tilemap().create(*m_gfxdecode, tilemap_get_info_delegate(*this, FUNC(williams2_state::get_tile_info)), TILEMAP_SCAN_COLS, 24,16, 128,16); m_bg_tilemap->set_scrolldx(2, 0); state_save_register(); save_item(NAME(m_tilemap_xscroll)); save_item(NAME(m_williams2_fg_color)); } /************************************* * * Williams video update * *************************************/ uint32_t williams_state::screen_update_williams(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect) { rgb_t pens[16]; int x, y; /* precompute the palette */ for (x = 0; x < 16; x++) pens[x] = m_palette->pen_color(m_paletteram[x]); /* loop over rows */ for (y = cliprect.min_y; y <= cliprect.max_y; y++) { uint8_t *source = &m_videoram[y]; uint32_t *dest = &bitmap.pix32(y); /* loop over columns */ for (x = cliprect.min_x & ~1; x <= cliprect.max_x; x += 2) { int pix = source[(x/2) * 256]; dest[x+0] = pens[pix >> 4]; dest[x+1] = pens[pix & 0x0f]; } } return 0; } uint32_t blaster_state::screen_update_blaster(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect) { rgb_t pens[16]; int x, y; /* precompute the palette */ for (x = 0; x < 16; x++) pens[x] = m_palette->pen_color(m_paletteram[x]); /* if we're blitting from the top, start with a 0 for color 0 */ if (cliprect.min_y == screen.visible_area().min_y || !(m_blaster_video_control & 1)) m_blaster_color0 = m_palette->pen_color(m_blaster_palette_0[0] ^ 0xff); /* loop over rows */ for (y = cliprect.min_y; y <= cliprect.max_y; y++) { int erase_behind = m_blaster_video_control & m_blaster_scanline_control[y] & 2; uint8_t *source = &m_videoram[y]; uint32_t *dest = &bitmap.pix32(y); /* latch a new color0 pen? */ if (m_blaster_video_control & m_blaster_scanline_control[y] & 1) m_blaster_color0 = m_palette->pen_color(m_blaster_palette_0[y] ^ 0xff); /* loop over columns */ for (x = cliprect.min_x & ~1; x <= cliprect.max_x; x += 2) { int pix = source[(x/2) * 256]; /* clear behind us if requested */ if (erase_behind) source[(x/2) * 256] = 0; /* now draw */ dest[x+0] = (pix & 0xf0) ? pens[pix >> 4] : rgb_t(m_blaster_color0 | pens[0]); dest[x+1] = (pix & 0x0f) ? pens[pix & 0x0f] : rgb_t(m_blaster_color0 | pens[0]); } } return 0; } uint32_t williams2_state::screen_update_williams2(screen_device &screen, bitmap_rgb32 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect) { rgb_t pens[16]; int x, y; /* draw the background */ m_bg_tilemap->draw(screen, bitmap, cliprect, 0, 0); /* fetch the relevant pens */ for (x = 1; x < 16; x++) pens[x] = m_palette->pen_color(m_williams2_fg_color * 16 + x); /* loop over rows */ for (y = cliprect.min_y; y <= cliprect.max_y; y++) { uint8_t *source = &m_videoram[y]; uint32_t *dest = &bitmap.pix32(y); /* loop over columns */ for (x = cliprect.min_x & ~1; x <= cliprect.max_x; x += 2) { int pix = source[(x/2) * 256]; if (pix & 0xf0) dest[x+0] = pens[pix >> 4]; if (pix & 0x0f) dest[x+1] = pens[pix & 0x0f]; } } return 0; } /************************************* * * Williams palette I/O * *************************************/ void williams_state::williams_palette(palette_device &palette) const { static constexpr int resistances_rg[3] = { 1200, 560, 330 }; static constexpr int resistances_b[2] = { 560, 330 }; // compute palette information // note that there really are pullup/pulldown resistors, but this situation is complicated // by the use of transistors, so we ignore that and just use the relative resistor weights double weights_r[3], weights_g[3], weights_b[2]; compute_resistor_weights(0, 255, -1.0, 3, resistances_rg, weights_r, 0, 0, 3, resistances_rg, weights_g, 0, 0, 2, resistances_b, weights_b, 0, 0); // build a palette lookup for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) { int const r = combine_weights(weights_r, BIT(i, 0), BIT(i, 1), BIT(i, 2)); int const g = combine_weights(weights_g, BIT(i, 3), BIT(i, 4), BIT(i, 5)); int const b = combine_weights(weights_b, BIT(i, 6), BIT(i, 7)); palette.set_pen_color(i, rgb_t(r, g, b)); } } void williams2_state::williams2_paletteram_w(offs_t offset, u8 data) { static const uint8_t ztable[16] = { 0x0, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8, 0x9, 0xa, 0xb, 0xc, 0xd, 0xe, 0xf, 0x10, 0x11 }; uint8_t entry_lo, entry_hi, i, r, g, b; /* set the new value */ m_paletteram[offset] = data; /* pull the associated low/high bytes */ entry_lo = m_paletteram[offset & ~1]; entry_hi = m_paletteram[offset | 1]; /* update the palette entry */ i = ztable[(entry_hi >> 4) & 15]; b = ((entry_hi >> 0) & 15) * i; g = ((entry_lo >> 4) & 15) * i; r = ((entry_lo >> 0) & 15) * i; m_palette->set_pen_color(offset / 2, rgb_t(r, g, b)); } void williams2_state::williams2_fg_select_w(u8 data) { m_williams2_fg_color = data & 0x3f; } /************************************* * * Video position readout * *************************************/ u8 williams_state::williams_video_counter_r() { if (m_screen->vpos() < 0x100) return m_screen->vpos() & 0xfc; else return 0xfc; } /************************************* * * Tilemap handling * *************************************/ TILE_GET_INFO_MEMBER(williams2_state::get_tile_info) { int mask = m_gfxdecode->gfx(0)->elements() - 1; int data = m_williams2_tileram[tile_index]; int y = (tile_index >> 1) & 7; int color = 0; switch (m_williams2_tilemap_config) { case WILLIAMS_TILEMAP_MYSTICM: { /* IC79 is a 74LS85 comparator that controls the low bit */ int a = 1 | ((color & 1) << 2) | ((color & 1) << 3); int b = ((y & 6) >> 1); int casc = (y & 1); color = (a > b) || ((a == b) && !casc); break; } case WILLIAMS_TILEMAP_TSHOOT: /* IC79 is a 74LS157 selector jumpered to be enabled */ color = y; break; case WILLIAMS_TILEMAP_JOUST2: /* IC79 is a 74LS157 selector jumpered to be disabled */ color = 0; break; } SET_TILE_INFO_MEMBER(0, data & mask, color, (data & ~mask) ? TILE_FLIPX : 0); } void williams2_state::williams2_bg_select_w(u8 data) { /* based on the tilemap config, only certain bits are used */ /* the rest are determined by other factors */ switch (m_williams2_tilemap_config) { case WILLIAMS_TILEMAP_MYSTICM: /* IC79 is a 74LS85 comparator that controls the low bit */ data &= 0x3e; break; case WILLIAMS_TILEMAP_TSHOOT: /* IC79 is a 74LS157 selector jumpered to be enabled */ data &= 0x38; break; case WILLIAMS_TILEMAP_JOUST2: /* IC79 is a 74LS157 selector jumpered to be disabled */ data &= 0x3f; break; } m_bg_tilemap->set_palette_offset(data * 16); } void williams2_state::williams2_tileram_w(offs_t offset, u8 data) { m_williams2_tileram[offset] = data; m_bg_tilemap->mark_tile_dirty(offset); } void williams2_state::williams2_xscroll_low_w(u8 data) { m_tilemap_xscroll = (m_tilemap_xscroll & ~0x00f) | ((data & 0x80) >> 4) | (data & 0x07); m_bg_tilemap->set_scrollx(0, (m_tilemap_xscroll & 7) + ((m_tilemap_xscroll >> 3) * 6)); } void williams2_state::williams2_xscroll_high_w(u8 data) { m_tilemap_xscroll = (m_tilemap_xscroll & 0x00f) | (data << 4); m_bg_tilemap->set_scrollx(0, (m_tilemap_xscroll & 7) + ((m_tilemap_xscroll >> 3) * 6)); } /************************************* * * Blaster-specific enhancements * *************************************/ void blaster_state::blaster_remap_select_w(u8 data) { m_blitter_remap_index = data; m_blitter_remap = m_blitter_remap_lookup.get() + data * 256; } void blaster_state::blaster_video_control_w(u8 data) { m_blaster_video_control = data; } /************************************* * * Blitter setup and control * *************************************/ void williams_state::blitter_init(int blitter_config, const uint8_t *remap_prom) { static const uint8_t dummy_table[] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 }; int i,j; /* by default, there is no clipping window - this will be touched only by games that have one */ m_blitter_window_enable = 0; /* switch off the video config */ m_blitter_xor = (blitter_config == WILLIAMS_BLITTER_SC1) ? 4 : 0; /* create the remap table; if no PROM, make an identity remap table */ m_blitter_remap_lookup = std::make_unique(256 * 256); m_blitter_remap_index = 0; m_blitter_remap = m_blitter_remap_lookup.get(); for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) { const uint8_t *table = remap_prom ? (remap_prom + (i & 0x7f) * 16) : dummy_table; for (j = 0; j < 256; j++) m_blitter_remap_lookup[i * 256 + j] = (table[j >> 4] << 4) | table[j & 0x0f]; } } WRITE8_MEMBER(williams_state::williams_blitter_w) { int sstart, dstart, w, h, accesses; int estimated_clocks_at_4MHz; /* store the data */ m_blitterram[offset] = data; /* only writes to location 0 trigger the blit */ if (offset != 0) return; /* compute the starting locations */ sstart = (m_blitterram[2] << 8) + m_blitterram[3]; dstart = (m_blitterram[4] << 8) + m_blitterram[5]; /* compute the width and height */ w = m_blitterram[6] ^ m_blitter_xor; h = m_blitterram[7] ^ m_blitter_xor; /* adjust the width and height */ if (w == 0) w = 1; if (h == 0) h = 1; /* do the actual blit */ accesses = blitter_core(space, sstart, dstart, w, h, data); /* based on the number of memory accesses needed to do the blit, compute how long the blit will take */ if(data & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_SLOW) { estimated_clocks_at_4MHz = 4 + 4 * (accesses + 2); } else { estimated_clocks_at_4MHz = 4 + 2 * (accesses + 3); } m_maincpu->adjust_icount(-((estimated_clocks_at_4MHz + 3) / 4)); /* Log blits */ logerror("%04X:Blit @ %3d : %02X%02X -> %02X%02X, %3dx%3d, mask=%02X, flags=%02X, icount=%d, win=%d\n", m_maincpu->pc(), m_screen->vpos(), m_blitterram[2], m_blitterram[3], m_blitterram[4], m_blitterram[5], m_blitterram[6], m_blitterram[7], m_blitterram[1], m_blitterram[0], ((estimated_clocks_at_4MHz + 3) / 4), m_blitter_window_enable); } void williams2_state::williams2_blit_window_enable_w(u8 data) { m_blitter_window_enable = data & 0x01; } /************************************* * * Blitter core * *************************************/ inline void williams_state::blit_pixel(address_space &space, int dstaddr, int srcdata, int controlbyte) { /* always read from video RAM regardless of the bank setting */ int curpix = (dstaddr < 0xc000) ? m_videoram[dstaddr] : space.read_byte(dstaddr); //current pixel values at dest int solid = m_blitterram[1]; unsigned char keepmask = 0xff; //what part of original dst byte should be kept, based on NO_EVEN and NO_ODD flags //even pixel (D7-D4) if((controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_FOREGROUND_ONLY) && !(srcdata & 0xf0)) //FG only and src even pixel=0 { if(controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_NO_EVEN) keepmask &= 0x0f; } else { if(!(controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_NO_EVEN)) keepmask &= 0x0f; } //odd pixel (D3-D0) if((controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_FOREGROUND_ONLY) && !(srcdata & 0x0f)) //FG only and src odd pixel=0 { if(controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_NO_ODD) keepmask &= 0xf0; } else { if(!(controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_NO_ODD)) keepmask &= 0xf0; } curpix &= keepmask; if(controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_SOLID) curpix |= (solid & ~keepmask); else curpix |= (srcdata & ~keepmask); /* if the window is enabled, only blit to videoram below the clipping address */ /* note that we have to allow blits to non-video RAM (e.g. tileram, Sinistar $DXXX SRAM) because those */ /* are not blocked by the window enable */ if (!m_blitter_window_enable || dstaddr < m_blitter_clip_address || dstaddr >= 0xc000) space.write_byte(dstaddr, curpix); } int williams_state::blitter_core(address_space &space, int sstart, int dstart, int w, int h, int controlbyte) { int source, sxadv, syadv; int dest, dxadv, dyadv; int x, y; int accesses = 0; /* compute how much to advance in the x and y loops */ sxadv = (controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_SRC_STRIDE_256) ? 0x100 : 1; syadv = (controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_SRC_STRIDE_256) ? 1 : w; dxadv = (controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_DST_STRIDE_256) ? 0x100 : 1; dyadv = (controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_DST_STRIDE_256) ? 1 : w; int pixdata=0; /* loop over the height */ for (y = 0; y < h; y++) { source = sstart & 0xffff; dest = dstart & 0xffff; /* loop over the width */ for (x = 0; x < w; x++) { if (!(controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_SHIFT)) //no shift { blit_pixel(space, dest, m_blitter_remap[space.read_byte(source)], controlbyte); } else { //shift one pixel right pixdata = (pixdata << 8) | m_blitter_remap[space.read_byte(source)]; blit_pixel(space, dest, (pixdata >> 4) & 0xff, controlbyte); } accesses += 2; /* advance src and dst pointers */ source = (source + sxadv) & 0xffff; dest = (dest + dxadv) & 0xffff; } /* note that PlayBall! indicates the X coordinate doesn't wrap */ if (controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_DST_STRIDE_256) dstart = (dstart & 0xff00) | ((dstart + dyadv) & 0xff); else dstart += dyadv; if (controlbyte & WMS_BLITTER_CONTROLBYTE_SRC_STRIDE_256) sstart = (sstart & 0xff00) | ((sstart + syadv) & 0xff); else sstart += syadv; } return accesses; }