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// license:BSD-3-Clause
// copyright-holders:Aaron Giles,Olivier Galibert
/***************************************************************************

    emumem.c

    Functions which handle device memory access.

****************************************************************************

    Basic theory of memory handling:

    An address with up to 32 bits is passed to a memory handler. First,
    an address mask is applied to the address, removing unused bits.

    Next, the address is broken into two halves, an upper half and a
    lower half. The number of bits in each half can be controlled via
    the macros in LEVEL1_BITS and LEVEL2_BITS, but they default to the
    upper 18 bits and the lower 14 bits.

    The upper half is then used as an index into a lookup table of bytes.
    If the value pulled from the table is between SUBTABLE_BASE and 255,
    then the lower half of the address is needed to resolve the final
    handler. In this case, the value from the table is combined with the
    lower address bits to form an index into a subtable.

    The final result of the lookup is a value from 0 to SUBTABLE_BASE - 1.
    These values correspond to memory handlers. The lower numbered
    handlers (from 0 through STATIC_COUNT - 1) are fixed handlers and refer
    to either memory banks or other special cases. The remaining handlers
    (from STATIC_COUNT through SUBTABLE_BASE - 1) are dynamically
    allocated to driver-specified handlers.

    Thus, table entries fall into these categories:

        0 .. STATIC_COUNT - 1 = fixed handlers
        STATIC_COUNT .. SUBTABLE_BASE - 1 = driver-specific handlers
        SUBTABLE_BASE .. TOTAL_MEMORY_BANKS - 1 = need to look up lower bits in subtable

    Caveats:

    * If your driver executes an opcode which crosses a bank-switched
    boundary, it will pull the wrong data out of memory. Although not
    a common case, you may need to revert to memcpy to work around this.
    See machine/tnzs.c for an example.

    To do:

    - Add local banks for RAM/ROM to reduce pressure on banking
    - Always mirror everything out to 32 bits so we don't have to mask the address?
    - Add the ability to start with another memory map and modify it
    - Add fourth memory space for encrypted opcodes
    - Automatically mirror program space into data space if no data space
    - Get rid of opcode/data separation by using address spaces?
    - Add support for internal addressing (maybe just accessors - see TMS3202x)

****************************************************************************

    Address map fields and restrictions:

    AM_RANGE(start, end)
        Specifies a range of consecutive addresses beginning with 'start' and
        ending with 'end' inclusive. An address hits in this bucket if the
        'address' >= 'start' and 'address' <= 'end'.

    AM_MASK(mask)
        Specifies a mask for the addresses in the current bucket. This mask
        is applied after a positive hit in the bucket specified by AM_RANGE
        or AM_SPACE, and is computed before accessing the RAM or calling
        through to the read/write handler. If you use AM_MIRROR, below, there
        should not be any bits in common between mask and mirror.  Same for
        select.

    AM_MIRROR(mirror)
        Specifies mirror addresses for the given bucket. The current bucket
        is mapped repeatedly according to the mirror mask, once where each
        mirror bit is 0, and once where it is 1. For example, a 'mirror'
        value of 0x14000 would map the bucket at 0x00000, 0x04000, 0x10000,
        and 0x14000.

    AM_SELECT(select)
        Mirrors the addresses for the given bucket and pass the corresponding
        address bits to the handler.  Very useful for devices with multiple
        slots/channels/etc were each slot is on a series of consecutive
        addresses regrouping all its registers.

    AM_ROM
        Specifies that this bucket contains ROM data by attaching an
        internal read handler. If this address space describes the first
        address space for a device, and if there is a region whose name
        matches the device's name, and if the bucket start/end range is
        within the bounds of that region, then this bucket will automatically
        map to the memory contained in that region.

    AM_RAM
    AM_READONLY
    AM_WRITEONLY
        Specifies that this bucket contains RAM data by attaching internal
        read and/or write handlers. Memory is automatically allocated to back
        this area. AM_RAM maps both reads and writes, while AM_READONLY only
        maps reads and AM_WRITEONLY only maps writes.

    AM_NOP
    AM_READNOP
    AM_WRITENOP
        Specifies that reads and/or writes in this bucket are unmapped, but
        that accesses to them should not be logged. AM_NOP unmaps both reads
        and writes, while AM_READNOP only unmaps reads, and AM_WRITENOP only
        unmaps writes.

    AM_UNMAP
        Specifies that both reads and writes in thus bucket are unmapeed,
        and that accesses to them should be logged. There is rarely a need
        for this, as the entire address space is initialized to behave this
        way by default.

    AM_READ_BANK(tag)
    AM_WRITE_BANK(tag)
    AM_READWRITE_BANK(tag)
        Specifies that reads and/or writes in this bucket map to a memory
        bank with the provided 'tag'. The actual memory this bank points to
        can be later controlled via the same tag.

    AM_READ(read)
    AM_WRITE(write)
    AM_READWRITE(read, write)
        Specifies read and/or write handler callbacks for this bucket. All
        reads and writes in this bucket will trigger a call to the provided
        functions.

    AM_DEVREAD(tag, read)
    AM_DEVWRITE(tag, read)
    AM_DEVREADWRITE(tag, read)
        Specifies a device-specific read and/or write handler for this
        bucket, automatically bound to the device specified by the provided
        'tag'.

    AM_READ_PORT(tag)
    AM_WRITE_PORT(tag)
    AM_READWRITE_PORT(tag)
        Specifies that read and/or write accesses in this bucket will map
        to the I/O port with the provided 'tag'. An internal read/write
        handler is set up to handle this mapping.

    AM_REGION(class, tag, offs)
        Only useful if used in conjunction with AM_ROM, AM_RAM, or
        AM_READ/WRITE_BANK. By default, memory is allocated to back each
        bucket. By specifying AM_REGION, you can tell the memory system to
        point the base of the memory backing this bucket to a given memory
        'region' at the specified 'offs' instead of allocating it.

    AM_SHARE(tag)
        Similar to AM_REGION, this specifies that the memory backing the
        current bucket is shared with other buckets. The first bucket to
        specify the share 'tag' will use its memory as backing for all
        future buckets that specify AM_SHARE with the same 'tag'.

    AM_SETOFFSET(setoffset)
        Specifies a handler for a 'set address' operation. The intended use case
        for this operation is to emulate a split-phase memory access: The caller
        (usually a CPU) sets the address bus lines using set_address. Some
        component may then react, for instance, by asserting a control line
        like WAIT before delivering the data on the data bus. The data bits are
        then sampled on the read operation or delivered on the write operation
        that must be called subsequently.
        It is not checked whether the address of the set_address operation
        matches the address of the subsequent read/write operation.
        The address map translates the address to a bucket and an offset,
        hence the name of the macro. If no handler is specified for a bucket,
        a set_address operation hitting that bucket returns silently.

    AM_DEVSETOFFSET(tag, setoffset)
        Specifies a handler for a set_address operation, bound to the device
        specified by 'tag'.


***************************************************************************/

#include <list>
#include <map>

#include "emu.h"
#include "emuopts.h"
#include "debug/debugcpu.h"


//**************************************************************************
//  DEBUGGING
//**************************************************************************

#define MEM_DUMP        (0)
#define VERBOSE         (0)
#define TEST_HANDLER    (0)

#define VPRINTF(x)  do { if (VERBOSE) printf x; } while (0)

/*-------------------------------------------------
    core_i64_hex_format - i64 format printf helper
-------------------------------------------------*/

static char *core_i64_hex_format(UINT64 value, UINT8 mindigits)
{
	static char buffer[16][64];
	// TODO: this can overflow - e.g. when a lot of unmapped writes are logged
	static int index;
	char *bufbase = &buffer[index++ % 16][0];
	char *bufptr = bufbase;
	INT8 curdigit;

	for (curdigit = 15; curdigit >= 0; curdigit--)
	{
		int nibble = (value >> (curdigit * 4)) & 0xf;
		if (nibble != 0 || curdigit < mindigits)
		{
			mindigits = curdigit;
			*bufptr++ = "0123456789ABCDEF"[nibble];
		}
	}
	if (bufptr == bufbase)
		*bufptr++ = '0';
	*bufptr = 0;

	return bufbase;
}



//**************************************************************************
//  CONSTANTS
//**************************************************************************

// banking constants
const int BANK_ENTRY_UNSPECIFIED = -1;

// other address map constants
const int MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK = 65536;                   // minimum chunk size of allocated memory blocks

// static data access handler constants
enum
{
	STATIC_INVALID = 0,                                 // invalid - should never be used
	STATIC_BANK1 = 1,                                   // first memory bank
	STATIC_BANKMAX = 0xfb,                              // last memory bank
	STATIC_NOP,                                         // NOP - reads = unmapped value; writes = no-op
	STATIC_UNMAP,                                       // unmapped - same as NOP except we log errors
	STATIC_WATCHPOINT,                                  // watchpoint - used internally
	STATIC_COUNT                                        // total number of static handlers
};



//**************************************************************************
//  TYPE DEFINITIONS
//**************************************************************************


// ======================> handler_entry

// a handler entry contains information about a memory handler
class handler_entry
{
	DISABLE_COPYING(handler_entry);

protected:
	// construction/destruction
	handler_entry(UINT8 width, endianness_t endianness, UINT8 **rambaseptr);
	virtual ~handler_entry();

public:
	// getters
	bool populated() const { return m_populated; }
	offs_t bytestart() const { return m_bytestart; }
	offs_t byteend() const { return m_byteend; }
	offs_t bytemask() const { return m_bytemask; }
	virtual const char *name() const = 0;
	virtual const char *subunit_name(int entry) const = 0;
	void description(char *buffer) const;

	virtual void copy(handler_entry *entry);

	// return offset within the range referenced by this handler
	offs_t byteoffset(offs_t byteaddress) const { return (byteaddress - m_bytestart) & m_bytemask; }

	// return a pointer to the backing RAM at the given offset
	UINT8 *ramptr(offs_t offset = 0) const { return *m_rambaseptr + offset; }

	// see if we are an exact match to the given parameters
	bool matches_exactly(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask) const
	{
		return (m_populated && m_bytestart == bytestart && m_byteend == byteend && m_bytemask == bytemask);
	}

	// get the start/end address with the given mirror
	void mirrored_start_end(offs_t byteaddress, offs_t &start, offs_t &end) const
	{
		offs_t mirrorbits = (byteaddress - m_bytestart) & ~m_bytemask;
		start = m_bytestart | mirrorbits;
		end = m_byteend | mirrorbits;
	}

	// configure the handler addresses, and mark as populated
	void configure(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask)
	{
		if (m_populated && m_subunits)
			reconfigure_subunits(bytestart);
		m_populated = true;
		m_bytestart = bytestart;
		m_byteend = byteend;
		m_bytemask = bytemask;
	}

	// Re-expand the bytemask after subunit fun
	void expand_bytemask(offs_t previous_mask)
	{
		m_bytemask |= previous_mask;
	}

	// reconfigure the subunits on a base address change
	void reconfigure_subunits(offs_t bytestart);

	// depopulate an handler
	void deconfigure()
	{
		m_populated = false;
		m_subunits = 0;
	}

	// apply a global mask
	void apply_mask(offs_t bytemask) { m_bytemask &= bytemask; }

	void clear_conflicting_subunits(UINT64 handlermask);
	bool overriden_by_mask(UINT64 handlermask);

protected:
	// Subunit description information
	struct subunit_info
	{
		offs_t              m_bytemask;             // bytemask for this subunit
		UINT32              m_mask;                 // mask (ff, ffff or ffffffff)
		INT32               m_offset;               // offset to add to the address
		UINT32              m_multiplier;           // multiplier to the pre-split address
		UINT8               m_size;                 // size (8, 16 or 32)
		UINT8               m_shift;                // shift of the subunit
	};

	// internal helpers
	void configure_subunits(UINT64 handlermask, int handlerbits, int &start_slot, int &end_slot);
	virtual void remove_subunit(int entry) = 0;

	// internal state
	bool                    m_populated;            // populated?
	UINT8                   m_datawidth;
	endianness_t            m_endianness;
	offs_t                  m_bytestart;            // byte-adjusted start address for handler
	offs_t                  m_byteend;              // byte-adjusted end address for handler
	offs_t                  m_bytemask;             // byte-adjusted mask against the final address
	UINT8 **                m_rambaseptr;           // pointer to the bank base
	UINT8                   m_subunits;             // for width stubs, the number of subunits
	subunit_info            m_subunit_infos[8];     // for width stubs, the associated subunit info
	UINT64                  m_invsubmask;           // inverted mask of the populated subunits
};


// ======================> handler_entry_read

// a read-access-specific extension of handler_entry
class handler_entry_read : public handler_entry
{
public:
	struct access_handler
	{
		// Constructors mean you can't union them
		read8_delegate              r8;
		read16_delegate             r16;
		read32_delegate             r32;
		read64_delegate             r64;
	};

	// construction/destruction
	handler_entry_read(UINT8 width, endianness_t endianness, UINT8 **rambaseptr)
		: handler_entry(width, endianness, rambaseptr),
			m_ioport(nullptr)
	{
	}

	virtual void copy(handler_entry *entry) override;

	// getters
	virtual const char *name() const override;
	virtual const char *subunit_name(int entry) const override;

	// configure delegate callbacks
	void set_delegate(read8_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);
	void set_delegate(read16_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);
	void set_delegate(read32_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);
	void set_delegate(read64_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);

	// configure I/O port access
	void set_ioport(ioport_port &ioport);

	// read via the underlying delegates
	UINT8 read8(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT8 mask) const { return m_read.r8(space, offset, mask); }
	UINT16 read16(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT16 mask) const { return m_read.r16(space, offset, mask); }
	UINT32 read32(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT32 mask) const { return m_read.r32(space, offset, mask); }
	UINT64 read64(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT64 mask) const { return m_read.r64(space, offset, mask); }

private:
	// stubs for converting between address sizes
	UINT16 read_stub_16(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT16 mask);
	UINT32 read_stub_32(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT32 mask);
	UINT64 read_stub_64(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT64 mask);

	// stubs for reading I/O ports
	template<typename _UintType>
	_UintType read_stub_ioport(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType mask) { return m_ioport->read(); }

	// internal helper
	virtual void remove_subunit(int entry) override;

	// internal state
	access_handler              m_read;
	access_handler              m_subread[8];
	ioport_port *   m_ioport;
};


// ======================> handler_entry_write

// a write-access-specific extension of handler_entry
class handler_entry_write : public handler_entry
{
public:
	struct access_handler
	{
		// Constructors mean you can't union them
		write8_delegate             w8;
		write16_delegate            w16;
		write32_delegate            w32;
		write64_delegate            w64;
	};

	// construction/destruction
	handler_entry_write(UINT8 width, endianness_t endianness, UINT8 **rambaseptr)
		: handler_entry(width, endianness, rambaseptr),
			m_ioport(nullptr)
	{
	}

	virtual void copy(handler_entry *entry) override;

	// getters
	virtual const char *name() const override;
	virtual const char *subunit_name(int entry) const override;

	// configure delegate callbacks
	void set_delegate(write8_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);
	void set_delegate(write16_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);
	void set_delegate(write32_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);
	void set_delegate(write64_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0);

	// configure I/O port access
	void set_ioport(ioport_port &ioport);

	// write via the underlying delegates
	void write8(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT8 data, UINT8 mask) const { m_write.w8(space, offset, data, mask); }
	void write16(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask) const { m_write.w16(space, offset, data, mask); }
	void write32(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT32 data, UINT32 mask) const { m_write.w32(space, offset, data, mask); }
	void write64(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT64 data, UINT64 mask) const { m_write.w64(space, offset, data, mask); }

private:
	// stubs for converting between address sizes
	void write_stub_16(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask);
	void write_stub_32(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT32 data, UINT32 mask);
	void write_stub_64(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT64 data, UINT64 mask);

	// stubs for writing I/O ports
	template<typename _UintType>
	void write_stub_ioport(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType data, _UintType mask) { m_ioport->write(data, mask); }

	// internal helper
	virtual void remove_subunit(int entry) override;

	// internal state
	access_handler              m_write;
	access_handler              m_subwrite[8];
	ioport_port *   m_ioport;
};

// ======================> handler_entry_setoffset
// a setoffset-access-specific extension of handler_entry
class handler_entry_setoffset : public handler_entry
{
public:
	// construction/destruction
	handler_entry_setoffset()
		: handler_entry(0, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, nullptr)
	{
	}

	const char *name() const override { return m_setoffset.name(); }
	const char *subunit_name(int entry) const override { return "no subunit"; }

	// Call through only if the setoffset handler has been late-bound before
	// (i.e. if it was declared in the address map)
	void setoffset(address_space &space, offs_t offset) const { if (m_setoffset.has_object()) m_setoffset(space, offset); }

	// configure delegate callbacks
	void set_delegate(setoffset_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask = 0) { m_setoffset = delegate; }

private:
	setoffset_delegate         m_setoffset;
	// We do not have subunits for setoffset
	// Accordingly, we need not implement unused functions.
	void remove_subunit(int entry) override { }
};

// ======================> handler_entry_proxy

// A proxy class that contains an handler_entry_read or _write and forwards the setter calls

template<typename _HandlerEntry>
class handler_entry_proxy
{
public:
	handler_entry_proxy(std::list<_HandlerEntry *> _handlers, UINT64 _mask) : handlers(std::move(_handlers)), mask(_mask) {}
	handler_entry_proxy(const handler_entry_proxy<_HandlerEntry> &hep) : handlers(hep.handlers), mask(hep.mask) {}

	// forward delegate callbacks configuration
	template<typename _delegate> void set_delegate(_delegate delegate) const {
		for (const auto & elem : handlers)
			(elem)->set_delegate(delegate, mask);
	}

	// forward I/O port access configuration
	void set_ioport(ioport_port &ioport) const {
		for (const auto & elem : handlers)
			(elem)->set_ioport(ioport);
	}

private:
	std::list<_HandlerEntry *> handlers;
	UINT64 mask;
};


// ======================> address_table

// address_table contains information about read/write accesses within an address space
class address_table
{
	// address map lookup table definitions
	static const int LEVEL1_BITS    = 18;                       // number of address bits in the level 1 table
	static const int LEVEL2_BITS    = 32 - LEVEL1_BITS;         // number of address bits in the level 2 table
	static const int SUBTABLE_COUNT = 64;                       // number of slots reserved for subtables
	static const int SUBTABLE_BASE  = TOTAL_MEMORY_BANKS - SUBTABLE_COUNT;     // first index of a subtable
	static const int ENTRY_COUNT    = SUBTABLE_BASE;            // number of legitimate (non-subtable) entries
	static const int SUBTABLE_ALLOC = 8;                        // number of subtables to allocate at a time

	inline int level2_bits() const { return m_large ? LEVEL2_BITS : 0; }

public:
	// construction/destruction
	address_table(address_space &space, bool large);
	virtual ~address_table();

	// getters
	virtual handler_entry &handler(UINT32 index) const = 0;
	bool watchpoints_enabled() const { return (m_live_lookup == s_watchpoint_table); }

	// address lookups
	UINT32 lookup_live(offs_t byteaddress) const { return m_large ? lookup_live_large(byteaddress) : lookup_live_small(byteaddress); }
	UINT32 lookup_live_small(offs_t byteaddress) const { return m_live_lookup[byteaddress]; }

	UINT32 lookup_live_large(offs_t byteaddress) const
	{
		UINT32 entry = m_live_lookup[level1_index_large(byteaddress)];
		if (entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
			entry = m_live_lookup[level2_index_large(entry, byteaddress)];
		return entry;
	}

	UINT32 lookup_live_nowp(offs_t byteaddress) const { return m_large ? lookup_live_large_nowp(byteaddress) : lookup_live_small_nowp(byteaddress); }
	UINT32 lookup_live_small_nowp(offs_t byteaddress) const { return m_table[byteaddress]; }

	UINT32 lookup_live_large_nowp(offs_t byteaddress) const
	{
		UINT32 entry = m_table[level1_index_large(byteaddress)];
		if (entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
			entry = m_table[level2_index_large(entry, byteaddress)];
		return entry;
	}

	UINT32 lookup(offs_t byteaddress) const
	{
		UINT32 entry = m_live_lookup[level1_index(byteaddress)];
		if (entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
			entry = m_live_lookup[level2_index(entry, byteaddress)];
		return entry;
	}

	// enable watchpoints by swapping in the watchpoint table
	void enable_watchpoints(bool enable = true) { m_live_lookup = enable ? s_watchpoint_table : &m_table[0]; }

	// table mapping helpers
	void map_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask, offs_t bytemirror, UINT16 staticentry);
	void setup_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask, offs_t bytemirror, UINT64 mask, std::list<UINT32> &entries);
	UINT16 derive_range(offs_t byteaddress, offs_t &bytestart, offs_t &byteend) const;

	// misc helpers
	void mask_all_handlers(offs_t mask);
	const char *handler_name(UINT16 entry) const;

protected:
	// determine table indexes based on the address
	UINT32 level1_index_large(offs_t address) const { return address >> LEVEL2_BITS; }
	UINT32 level2_index_large(UINT16 l1entry, offs_t address) const { return (1 << LEVEL1_BITS) + ((l1entry - SUBTABLE_BASE) << LEVEL2_BITS) + (address & ((1 << LEVEL2_BITS) - 1)); }
	UINT32 level1_index(offs_t address) const { return m_large ? level1_index_large(address) : address; }
	UINT32 level2_index(UINT16 l1entry, offs_t address) const { return m_large ? level2_index_large(l1entry, address) : 0; }

	// table population/depopulation
	void populate_range_mirrored(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemirror, UINT16 handler);
	void populate_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, UINT16 handler);

	// subtable management
	UINT16 subtable_alloc();
	void subtable_realloc(UINT16 subentry);
	int subtable_merge();
	void subtable_release(UINT16 subentry);
	UINT16 *subtable_open(offs_t l1index);
	void subtable_close(offs_t l1index);
	UINT16 *subtable_ptr(UINT16 entry) { return &m_table[level2_index(entry, 0)]; }

	// internal state
	std::vector<UINT16>   m_table;                    // pointer to base of table
	UINT16 *                m_live_lookup;              // current lookup
	address_space &         m_space;                    // pointer back to the space
	bool                    m_large;                    // large memory model?

	// subtable_data is an internal class with information about each subtable
	class subtable_data
	{
	public:
		subtable_data()
			: m_checksum_valid(false),
				m_checksum(0),
				m_usecount(0) { }

		bool                m_checksum_valid;           // is the checksum valid
		UINT32              m_checksum;                 // checksum over all the bytes
		UINT32              m_usecount;                 // number of times this has been used
	};
	std::vector<subtable_data>   m_subtable;            // info about each subtable
	UINT16                  m_subtable_alloc;           // number of subtables allocated

	// static global read-only watchpoint table
	static UINT16           s_watchpoint_table[1 << LEVEL1_BITS];

private:
	int handler_refcount[SUBTABLE_BASE-STATIC_COUNT];
	UINT16 handler_next_free[SUBTABLE_BASE-STATIC_COUNT];
	UINT16 handler_free;
	UINT16 get_free_handler();
	void verify_reference_counts();
	void setup_range_solid(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, std::list<UINT32> &entries);
	void setup_range_masked(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, UINT64 mask, std::list<UINT32> &entries);

	void handler_ref(UINT16 entry, int count)
	{
		assert(entry < SUBTABLE_BASE);
		if (entry >= STATIC_COUNT)
			handler_refcount[entry - STATIC_COUNT] += count;
	}

	void handler_unref(UINT16 entry)
	{
		assert(entry < SUBTABLE_BASE);
		if (entry >= STATIC_COUNT)
			if (! --handler_refcount[entry - STATIC_COUNT])
			{
				handler(entry).deconfigure();
				handler_next_free[entry - STATIC_COUNT] = handler_free;
				handler_free = entry;
			}
	}
};


// ======================> address_table_read

// read access-specific version of an address table
class address_table_read : public address_table
{
public:
	// construction/destruction
	address_table_read(address_space &space, bool large);
	virtual ~address_table_read();

	// getters
	virtual handler_entry &handler(UINT32 index) const override;
	handler_entry_read &handler_read(UINT32 index) const { assert(index < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers)); return *m_handlers[index]; }

	// range getter
	handler_entry_proxy<handler_entry_read> handler_map_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask, offs_t bytemirror, UINT64 mask = 0) {
		std::list<UINT32> entries;
		setup_range(bytestart, byteend, bytemask, bytemirror, mask, entries);
		std::list<handler_entry_read *> handlers;
		for (std::list<UINT32>::const_iterator i = entries.begin(); i != entries.end(); ++i)
			handlers.push_back(&handler_read(*i));
		return handler_entry_proxy<handler_entry_read>(handlers, mask);
	}

private:
	// internal unmapped handler
	template<typename _UintType>
	_UintType unmap_r(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType mask)
	{
		if (m_space.log_unmap() && !m_space.debugger_access())
		{
			m_space.device().logerror(
					m_space.is_octal()
						? "%s: unmapped %s memory read from %0*o & %0*o\n"
						: "%s: unmapped %s memory read from %0*X & %0*X\n",
					m_space.machine().describe_context(), m_space.name(),
					m_space.addrchars(), m_space.byte_to_address(offset * sizeof(_UintType)),
					2 * sizeof(_UintType), mask);
		}
		return m_space.unmap();
	}

	// internal no-op handler
	template<typename _UintType>
	_UintType nop_r(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType mask)
	{
		return m_space.unmap();
	}

	// internal watchpoint handler
	template<typename _UintType>
	_UintType watchpoint_r(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType mask)
	{
		m_space.device().debug()->memory_read_hook(m_space, offset * sizeof(_UintType), mask);

		UINT16 *oldtable = m_live_lookup;
		m_live_lookup = &m_table[0];
		_UintType result;
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 1) result = m_space.read_byte(offset);
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 2) result = m_space.read_word(offset << 1, mask);
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 4) result = m_space.read_dword(offset << 2, mask);
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 8) result = m_space.read_qword(offset << 3, mask);
		m_live_lookup = oldtable;
		return result;
	}

	// internal state
	std::unique_ptr<handler_entry_read> m_handlers[TOTAL_MEMORY_BANKS];        // array of user-installed handlers
};


// ======================> address_table_write

// write access-specific version of an address table
class address_table_write : public address_table
{
public:
	// construction/destruction
	address_table_write(address_space &space, bool large);
	virtual ~address_table_write();

	// getters
	virtual handler_entry &handler(UINT32 index) const override;
	handler_entry_write &handler_write(UINT32 index) const { assert(index < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers)); return *m_handlers[index]; }

	// range getter
	handler_entry_proxy<handler_entry_write> handler_map_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask, offs_t bytemirror, UINT64 mask = 0) {
		std::list<UINT32> entries;
		setup_range(bytestart, byteend, bytemask, bytemirror, mask, entries);
		std::list<handler_entry_write *> handlers;
		for (std::list<UINT32>::const_iterator i = entries.begin(); i != entries.end(); ++i)
			handlers.push_back(&handler_write(*i));
		return handler_entry_proxy<handler_entry_write>(handlers, mask);
	}

private:
	// internal handlers
	template<typename _UintType>
	void unmap_w(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType data, _UintType mask)
	{
		if (m_space.log_unmap() && !m_space.debugger_access())
		{
			m_space.device().logerror(
					m_space.is_octal()
						? "%s: unmapped %s memory write to %0*o = %0*o & %0*o\n"
						: "%s: unmapped %s memory write to %0*X = %0*X & %0*X\n",
					m_space.machine().describe_context(), m_space.name(),
					m_space.addrchars(), m_space.byte_to_address(offset * sizeof(_UintType)),
					2 * sizeof(_UintType), data,
					2 * sizeof(_UintType), mask);
		}
	}

	template<typename _UintType>
	void nop_w(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType data, _UintType mask)
	{
	}

	template<typename _UintType>
	void watchpoint_w(address_space &space, offs_t offset, _UintType data, _UintType mask)
	{
		m_space.device().debug()->memory_write_hook(m_space, offset * sizeof(_UintType), data, mask);

		UINT16 *oldtable = m_live_lookup;
		m_live_lookup = &m_table[0];
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 1) m_space.write_byte(offset, data);
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 2) m_space.write_word(offset << 1, data, mask);
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 4) m_space.write_dword(offset << 2, data, mask);
		if (sizeof(_UintType) == 8) m_space.write_qword(offset << 3, data, mask);
		m_live_lookup = oldtable;
	}

	// internal state
	std::unique_ptr<handler_entry_write> m_handlers[TOTAL_MEMORY_BANKS];        // array of user-installed handlers
};

// ======================> address_table_setoffset
// setoffset access-specific version of an address table
class address_table_setoffset : public address_table
{
public:
	// construction/destruction
	address_table_setoffset(address_space &space, bool large)
		: address_table(space, large)
	{
		// allocate handlers for each entry, prepopulating the bankptrs for banks
		for (auto & elem : m_handlers)
			elem = std::make_unique<handler_entry_setoffset>();

		// Watchpoints and unmap states do not make sense for setoffset
		m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(setoffset_delegate(FUNC(address_table_setoffset::nop_so), this));
		m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
	}

	~address_table_setoffset()
	{
	}

	handler_entry &handler(UINT32 index) const override {    assert(index < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers));   return *m_handlers[index]; }
	handler_entry_setoffset &handler_setoffset(UINT32 index) const { assert(index < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers)); return *m_handlers[index]; }

	// range getter
	handler_entry_proxy<handler_entry_setoffset> handler_map_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask, offs_t bytemirror, UINT64 mask = 0) {
		std::list<UINT32> entries;
		setup_range(bytestart, byteend, bytemask, bytemirror, mask, entries);
		std::list<handler_entry_setoffset *> handlers;
		for (std::list<UINT32>::const_iterator i = entries.begin(); i != entries.end(); ++i)
			handlers.push_back(&handler_setoffset(*i));
		return handler_entry_proxy<handler_entry_setoffset>(handlers, mask);
	}

private:
	// internal handlers
	// Setoffset does not allow for watchpoints, since we assume that a
	// corresponding read/write operation will follow, and the watchpoint will
	// apply for that operation
	// For the same reason it does not make sense to put a warning into the log
	// for unmapped locations, as this will be done by the read/write operation
	void nop_so(address_space &space, offs_t offset)
	{
	}

	// internal state
	std::unique_ptr<handler_entry_setoffset> m_handlers[TOTAL_MEMORY_BANKS];        // array of user-installed handlers
};


// ======================> address_space_specific

// this is a derived class of address_space with specific width, endianness, and table size
template<typename _NativeType, endianness_t _Endian, bool _Large>
class address_space_specific : public address_space
{
	typedef address_space_specific<_NativeType, _Endian, _Large> this_type;

	// constants describing the native size
	static const UINT32 NATIVE_BYTES = sizeof(_NativeType);
	static const UINT32 NATIVE_MASK = NATIVE_BYTES - 1;
	static const UINT32 NATIVE_BITS = 8 * NATIVE_BYTES;

	// helpers to simplify core code
	UINT32 read_lookup(offs_t byteaddress) const { return _Large ? m_read.lookup_live_large(byteaddress) : m_read.lookup_live_small(byteaddress); }
	UINT32 write_lookup(offs_t byteaddress) const { return _Large ? m_write.lookup_live_large(byteaddress) : m_write.lookup_live_small(byteaddress); }
	UINT32 setoffset_lookup(offs_t byteaddress) const { return _Large ? m_setoffset.lookup_live_large(byteaddress) : m_setoffset.lookup_live_small(byteaddress); }

public:
	// construction/destruction
	address_space_specific(memory_manager &manager, device_memory_interface &memory, address_spacenum spacenum)
		: address_space(manager, memory, spacenum, _Large),
			m_read(*this, _Large),
			m_write(*this, _Large),
			m_setoffset(*this, _Large)
	{
#if (TEST_HANDLER)
		// test code to verify the read/write handlers are touching the correct bits
		// and returning the correct results

		// install some dummy RAM for the first 16 bytes with well-known values
		UINT8 buffer[16];
		for (int index = 0; index < 16; index++)
			buffer[index ^ ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_NATIVE) ? 0 : (data_width()/8 - 1))] = index * 0x11;
		install_ram_generic(0x00, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0, ROW_READWRITE, buffer);
		printf("\n\naddress_space(%d, %s, %s)\n", NATIVE_BITS, (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? "little" : "big", _Large ? "large" : "small");

		// walk through the first 8 addresses
		for (int address = 0; address < 8; address++)
		{
			// determine expected values
			UINT64 expected64 = ((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 7 : 0)) * 0x11) << 56) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 6 : 1)) * 0x11) << 48) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 5 : 2)) * 0x11) << 40) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 4 : 3)) * 0x11) << 32) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 3 : 4)) * 0x11) << 24) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 2 : 5)) * 0x11) << 16) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 1 : 6)) * 0x11) <<  8) |
								((UINT64)((address + ((_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? 0 : 7)) * 0x11) <<  0);
			UINT32 expected32 = (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? expected64 : (expected64 >> 32);
			UINT16 expected16 = (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? expected32 : (expected32 >> 16);
			UINT8 expected8 = (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) ? expected16 : (expected16 >> 8);

			UINT64 result64;
			UINT32 result32;
			UINT16 result16;
			UINT8 result8;

			// validate byte accesses
			printf("\nAddress %d\n", address);
			printf("   read_byte = "); printf("%02X\n", result8 = read_byte(address)); assert(result8 == expected8);

			// validate word accesses (if aligned)
			if (WORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("   read_word = "); printf("%04X\n", result16 = read_word(address)); assert(result16 == expected16); }
			if (WORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("   read_word (0xff00) = "); printf("%04X\n", result16 = read_word(address, 0xff00)); assert((result16 & 0xff00) == (expected16 & 0xff00)); }
			if (WORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("             (0x00ff) = "); printf("%04X\n", result16 = read_word(address, 0x00ff)); assert((result16 & 0x00ff) == (expected16 & 0x00ff)); }

			// validate unaligned word accesses
			printf("   read_word_unaligned = "); printf("%04X\n", result16 = read_word_unaligned(address)); assert(result16 == expected16);
			printf("   read_word_unaligned (0xff00) = "); printf("%04X\n", result16 = read_word_unaligned(address, 0xff00)); assert((result16 & 0xff00) == (expected16 & 0xff00));
			printf("                       (0x00ff) = "); printf("%04X\n", result16 = read_word_unaligned(address, 0x00ff)); assert((result16 & 0x00ff) == (expected16 & 0x00ff));

			// validate dword acceses (if aligned)
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("   read_dword = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address)); assert(result32 == expected32); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("   read_dword (0xff000000) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0xff000000)); assert((result32 & 0xff000000) == (expected32 & 0xff000000)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ff0000) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0x00ff0000)); assert((result32 & 0x00ff0000) == (expected32 & 0x00ff0000)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ff00) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0x0000ff00)); assert((result32 & 0x0000ff00) == (expected32 & 0x0000ff00)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000ff) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0x000000ff)); assert((result32 & 0x000000ff) == (expected32 & 0x000000ff)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffff0000) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0xffff0000)); assert((result32 & 0xffff0000) == (expected32 & 0xffff0000)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ffff) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0x0000ffff)); assert((result32 & 0x0000ffff) == (expected32 & 0x0000ffff)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffffff00) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0xffffff00)); assert((result32 & 0xffffff00) == (expected32 & 0xffffff00)); }
			if (DWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ffffff) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword(address, 0x00ffffff)); assert((result32 & 0x00ffffff) == (expected32 & 0x00ffffff)); }

			// validate unaligned dword accesses
			printf("   read_dword_unaligned = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address)); assert(result32 == expected32);
			printf("   read_dword_unaligned (0xff000000) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0xff000000)); assert((result32 & 0xff000000) == (expected32 & 0xff000000));
			printf("                        (0x00ff0000) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0x00ff0000)); assert((result32 & 0x00ff0000) == (expected32 & 0x00ff0000));
			printf("                        (0x0000ff00) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0x0000ff00)); assert((result32 & 0x0000ff00) == (expected32 & 0x0000ff00));
			printf("                        (0x000000ff) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0x000000ff)); assert((result32 & 0x000000ff) == (expected32 & 0x000000ff));
			printf("                        (0xffff0000) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0xffff0000)); assert((result32 & 0xffff0000) == (expected32 & 0xffff0000));
			printf("                        (0x0000ffff) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0x0000ffff)); assert((result32 & 0x0000ffff) == (expected32 & 0x0000ffff));
			printf("                        (0xffffff00) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0xffffff00)); assert((result32 & 0xffffff00) == (expected32 & 0xffffff00));
			printf("                        (0x00ffffff) = "); printf("%08X\n", result32 = read_dword_unaligned(address, 0x00ffffff)); assert((result32 & 0x00ffffff) == (expected32 & 0x00ffffff));

			// validate qword acceses (if aligned)
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("   read_qword = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address), 16)); assert(result64 == expected64); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("   read_qword (0xff00000000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xff00000000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xff00000000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xff00000000000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ff000000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00ff000000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ff000000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ff000000000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ff0000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000ff0000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ff0000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ff0000000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000ff00000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x000000ff00000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ff00000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ff00000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00000000ff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00000000ff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000ff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000ff000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000000000ff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000000000ff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000000000ff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000000000ff0000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000000000ff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x000000000000ff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000000000ff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000000000ff00))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00000000000000ff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00000000000000ff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000000000ff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000000000ff))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffff000000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xffff000000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffff000000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffff000000000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ffff00000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000ffff00000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffff00000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffff00000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00000000ffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00000000ffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000ffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000ffff0000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000000000ffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x000000000000ffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000000000ffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000000000ffff))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffffff0000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xffffff0000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffff0000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffff0000000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ffffff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000ffffff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffff000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000ffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x000000ffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ffffff0000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000000000ffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000000000ffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000000000ffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000000000ffffff))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffffffff00000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xffffffff00000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffff00000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffff00000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ffffffff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00ffffffff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffff000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ffffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000ffffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffffff0000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000ffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x000000ffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ffffffff00))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00000000ffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00000000ffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000ffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000ffffffff))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffffffffff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xffffffffff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffffff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffffff000000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ffffffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00ffffffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffffff0000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ffffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000ffffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffff00))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x000000ffffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x000000ffffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ffffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ffffffffff))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffffffffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xffffffffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffffffff0000))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ffffffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00ffffffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffff00))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x0000ffffffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x0000ffffffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffffff))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0xffffffffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0xffffffffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffffffffff00))); }
			if (QWORD_ALIGNED(address)) { printf("              (0x00ffffffffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword(address, U64(0x00ffffffffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffffff))); }

			// validate unaligned qword accesses
			printf("   read_qword_unaligned = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address), 16)); assert(result64 == expected64);
			printf("   read_qword_unaligned (0xff00000000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xff00000000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xff00000000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xff00000000000000)));
			printf("                        (0x00ff000000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00ff000000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ff000000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ff000000000000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000ff0000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000ff0000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ff0000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ff0000000000)));
			printf("                        (0x000000ff00000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x000000ff00000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ff00000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ff00000000)));
			printf("                        (0x00000000ff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00000000ff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000ff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000ff000000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000000000ff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000000000ff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000000000ff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000000000ff0000)));
			printf("                        (0x000000000000ff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x000000000000ff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000000000ff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000000000ff00)));
			printf("                        (0x00000000000000ff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00000000000000ff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000000000ff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000000000ff)));
			printf("                        (0xffff000000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xffff000000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffff000000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffff000000000000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000ffff00000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000ffff00000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffff00000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffff00000000)));
			printf("                        (0x00000000ffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00000000ffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000ffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000ffff0000)));
			printf("                        (0x000000000000ffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x000000000000ffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000000000ffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000000000ffff)));
			printf("                        (0xffffff0000000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xffffff0000000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffff0000000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffff0000000000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000ffffff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000ffffff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffff000000)));
			printf("                        (0x000000ffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x000000ffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ffffff0000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000000000ffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000000000ffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000000000ffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000000000ffffff)));
			printf("                        (0xffffffff00000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xffffffff00000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffff00000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffff00000000)));
			printf("                        (0x00ffffffff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00ffffffff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffff000000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000ffffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000ffffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffffff0000)));
			printf("                        (0x000000ffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x000000ffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ffffffff00)));
			printf("                        (0x00000000ffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00000000ffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00000000ffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00000000ffffffff)));
			printf("                        (0xffffffffff000000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xffffffffff000000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffffff000000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffffff000000)));
			printf("                        (0x00ffffffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00ffffffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffffff0000)));
			printf("                        (0x0000ffffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000ffffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffff00)));
			printf("                        (0x000000ffffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x000000ffffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x000000ffffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x000000ffffffffff)));
			printf("                        (0xffffffffffff0000) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xffffffffffff0000)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffffffff0000)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffffffff0000)));
			printf("                        (0x00ffffffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00ffffffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffff00)));
			printf("                        (0x0000ffffffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x0000ffffffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x0000ffffffffffff)));
			printf("                        (0xffffffffffffff00) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0xffffffffffffff00)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0xffffffffffffff00)) == (expected64 & U64(0xffffffffffffff00)));
			printf("                        (0x00ffffffffffffff) = "); printf("%s\n", core_i64_hex_format(result64 = read_qword_unaligned(address, U64(0x00ffffffffffffff)), 16)); assert((result64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffffff)) == (expected64 & U64(0x00ffffffffffffff)));
		}
#endif
	}

	// accessors
	virtual address_table_read &read() override { return m_read; }
	virtual address_table_write &write() override { return m_write; }
	virtual address_table_setoffset &setoffset() override { return m_setoffset; }

	// watchpoint control
	virtual void enable_read_watchpoints(bool enable = true) override { m_read.enable_watchpoints(enable); }
	virtual void enable_write_watchpoints(bool enable = true) override { m_write.enable_watchpoints(enable); }

	// generate accessor table
	virtual void accessors(data_accessors &accessors) const override
	{
		accessors.read_byte = reinterpret_cast<UINT8 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_byte_static);
		accessors.read_word = reinterpret_cast<UINT16 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_word_static);
		accessors.read_word_masked = reinterpret_cast<UINT16 (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT16)>(&read_word_masked_static);
		accessors.read_dword = reinterpret_cast<UINT32 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_dword_static);
		accessors.read_dword_masked = reinterpret_cast<UINT32 (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT32)>(&read_dword_masked_static);
		accessors.read_qword = reinterpret_cast<UINT64 (*)(address_space &, offs_t)>(&read_qword_static);
		accessors.read_qword_masked = reinterpret_cast<UINT64 (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT64)>(&read_qword_masked_static);
		accessors.write_byte = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT8)>(&write_byte_static);
		accessors.write_word = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT16)>(&write_word_static);
		accessors.write_word_masked = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT16, UINT16)>(&write_word_masked_static);
		accessors.write_dword = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT32)>(&write_dword_static);
		accessors.write_dword_masked = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT32, UINT32)>(&write_dword_masked_static);
		accessors.write_qword = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT64)>(&write_qword_static);
		accessors.write_qword_masked = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(address_space &, offs_t, UINT64, UINT64)>(&write_qword_masked_static);
	}

	// return a pointer to the read bank, or nullptr if none
	virtual void *get_read_ptr(offs_t byteaddress) override
	{
		// perform the lookup
		byteaddress &= m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = read_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_read &handler = m_read.handler_read(entry);

		// 8-bit case: RAM/ROM
		if (entry > STATIC_BANKMAX)
			return nullptr;
		return handler.ramptr(handler.byteoffset(byteaddress));
	}

	// return a pointer to the write bank, or nullptr if none
	virtual void *get_write_ptr(offs_t byteaddress) override
	{
		// perform the lookup
		byteaddress &= m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = write_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_write &handler = m_write.handler_write(entry);

		// 8-bit case: RAM/ROM
		if (entry > STATIC_BANKMAX)
			return nullptr;
		return handler.ramptr(handler.byteoffset(byteaddress));
	}

	// native read
	_NativeType read_native(offs_t offset, _NativeType mask)
	{
		g_profiler.start(PROFILER_MEMREAD);

		if (TEST_HANDLER) printf("[r%X,%s]", offset, core_i64_hex_format(mask, sizeof(_NativeType) * 2));

		// look up the handler
		offs_t byteaddress = offset & m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = read_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_read &handler = m_read.handler_read(entry);

		// either read directly from RAM, or call the delegate
		offset = handler.byteoffset(byteaddress);
		_NativeType result;
		if (entry <= STATIC_BANKMAX) result = *reinterpret_cast<_NativeType *>(handler.ramptr(offset));
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 1) result = handler.read8(*this, offset, mask);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 2) result = handler.read16(*this, offset >> 1, mask);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 4) result = handler.read32(*this, offset >> 2, mask);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 8) result = handler.read64(*this, offset >> 3, mask);

		g_profiler.stop();
		return result;
	}

	// mask-less native read
	_NativeType read_native(offs_t offset)
	{
		g_profiler.start(PROFILER_MEMREAD);

		if (TEST_HANDLER) printf("[r%X]", offset);

		// look up the handler
		offs_t byteaddress = offset & m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = read_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_read &handler = m_read.handler_read(entry);

		// either read directly from RAM, or call the delegate
		offset = handler.byteoffset(byteaddress);
		_NativeType result;
		if (entry <= STATIC_BANKMAX) result = *reinterpret_cast<_NativeType *>(handler.ramptr(offset));
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 1) result = handler.read8(*this, offset, 0xff);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 2) result = handler.read16(*this, offset >> 1, 0xffff);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 4) result = handler.read32(*this, offset >> 2, 0xffffffff);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 8) result = handler.read64(*this, offset >> 3, U64(0xffffffffffffffff));

		g_profiler.stop();
		return result;
	}

	// native write
	void write_native(offs_t offset, _NativeType data, _NativeType mask)
	{
		g_profiler.start(PROFILER_MEMWRITE);

		// look up the handler
		offs_t byteaddress = offset & m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = write_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_write &handler = m_write.handler_write(entry);

		// either write directly to RAM, or call the delegate
		offset = handler.byteoffset(byteaddress);
		if (entry <= STATIC_BANKMAX)
		{
			_NativeType *dest = reinterpret_cast<_NativeType *>(handler.ramptr(offset));
			*dest = (*dest & ~mask) | (data & mask);
		}
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 1) handler.write8(*this, offset, data, mask);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 2) handler.write16(*this, offset >> 1, data, mask);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 4) handler.write32(*this, offset >> 2, data, mask);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 8) handler.write64(*this, offset >> 3, data, mask);

		g_profiler.stop();
	}

	// mask-less native write
	void write_native(offs_t offset, _NativeType data)
	{
		g_profiler.start(PROFILER_MEMWRITE);

		// look up the handler
		offs_t byteaddress = offset & m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = write_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_write &handler = m_write.handler_write(entry);

		// either write directly to RAM, or call the delegate
		offset = handler.byteoffset(byteaddress);
		if (entry <= STATIC_BANKMAX) *reinterpret_cast<_NativeType *>(handler.ramptr(offset)) = data;
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 1) handler.write8(*this, offset, data, 0xff);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 2) handler.write16(*this, offset >> 1, data, 0xffff);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 4) handler.write32(*this, offset >> 2, data, 0xffffffff);
		else if (sizeof(_NativeType) == 8) handler.write64(*this, offset >> 3, data, U64(0xffffffffffffffff));

		g_profiler.stop();
	}

	// generic direct read
	template<typename _TargetType, bool _Aligned>
	_TargetType read_direct(offs_t address, _TargetType mask)
	{
		const UINT32 TARGET_BYTES = sizeof(_TargetType);
		const UINT32 TARGET_BITS = 8 * TARGET_BYTES;

		// equal to native size and aligned; simple pass-through to the native reader
		if (NATIVE_BYTES == TARGET_BYTES && (_Aligned || (address & NATIVE_MASK) == 0))
			return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, mask);

		// if native size is larger, see if we can do a single masked read (guaranteed if we're aligned)
		if (NATIVE_BYTES > TARGET_BYTES)
		{
			UINT32 offsbits = 8 * (address & (NATIVE_BYTES - (_Aligned ? TARGET_BYTES : 1)));
			if (_Aligned || (offsbits + TARGET_BITS <= NATIVE_BITS))
			{
				if (_Endian != ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS - offsbits;
				return read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, (_NativeType)mask << offsbits) >> offsbits;
			}
		}

		// determine our alignment against the native boundaries, and mask the address
		UINT32 offsbits = 8 * (address & (NATIVE_BYTES - 1));
		address &= ~NATIVE_MASK;

		// if we're here, and native size is larger or equal to the target, we need exactly 2 reads
		if (NATIVE_BYTES >= TARGET_BYTES)
		{
			// little-endian case
			if (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				// read lower bits from lower address
				_TargetType result = 0;
				_NativeType curmask = (_NativeType)mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result = read_native(address, curmask) >> offsbits;

				// read upper bits from upper address
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result |= read_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, curmask) << offsbits;
				return result;
			}

			// big-endian case
			else
			{
				// left-justify the mask to the target type
				const UINT32 LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT = ((NATIVE_BITS >= TARGET_BITS) ? (NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS) : 0);
				_NativeType result = 0;
				_NativeType ljmask = (_NativeType)mask << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
				_NativeType curmask = ljmask >> offsbits;

				// read upper bits from lower address
				if (curmask != 0) result = read_native(address, curmask) << offsbits;
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;

				// read lower bits from upper address
				curmask = ljmask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result |= read_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, curmask) >> offsbits;

				// return the un-justified result
				return result >> LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
			}
		}

		// if we're here, then we have 2 or more reads needed to get our final result
		else
		{
			// compute the maximum number of loops; we do it this way so that there are
			// a fixed number of loops for the compiler to unroll if it desires
			const UINT32 MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE = TARGET_BYTES / NATIVE_BYTES - 1;
			_TargetType result = 0;

			// little-endian case
			if (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				// read lowest bits from first address
				_NativeType curmask = mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result = read_native(address, curmask) >> offsbits;

				// read middle bits from subsequent addresses
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				for (UINT32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
				{
					address += NATIVE_BYTES;
					curmask = mask >> offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) result |= (_TargetType)read_native(address, curmask) << offsbits;
					offsbits += NATIVE_BITS;
				}

				// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, read uppermost bits from last address
				if (!_Aligned && offsbits < TARGET_BITS)
				{
					curmask = mask >> offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) result |= (_TargetType)read_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, curmask) << offsbits;
				}
			}

			// big-endian case
			else
			{
				// read highest bits from first address
				offsbits = TARGET_BITS - (NATIVE_BITS - offsbits);
				_NativeType curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) result = (_TargetType)read_native(address, curmask) << offsbits;

				// read middle bits from subsequent addresses
				for (UINT32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
				{
					offsbits -= NATIVE_BITS;
					address += NATIVE_BYTES;
					curmask = mask >> offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) result |= (_TargetType)read_native(address, curmask) << offsbits;
				}

				// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, read lowermost bits from the last address
				if (!_Aligned && offsbits != 0)
				{
					offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
					curmask = mask << offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) result |= read_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, curmask) >> offsbits;
				}
			}
			return result;
		}
	}

	// generic direct write
	template<typename _TargetType, bool _Aligned>
	void write_direct(offs_t address, _TargetType data, _TargetType mask)
	{
		const UINT32 TARGET_BYTES = sizeof(_TargetType);
		const UINT32 TARGET_BITS = 8 * TARGET_BYTES;

		// equal to native size and aligned; simple pass-through to the native writer
		if (NATIVE_BYTES == TARGET_BYTES && (_Aligned || (address & NATIVE_MASK) == 0))
			return write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data, mask);

		// if native size is larger, see if we can do a single masked write (guaranteed if we're aligned)
		if (NATIVE_BYTES > TARGET_BYTES)
		{
			UINT32 offsbits = 8 * (address & (NATIVE_BYTES - (_Aligned ? TARGET_BYTES : 1)));
			if (_Aligned || (offsbits + TARGET_BITS <= NATIVE_BITS))
			{
				if (_Endian != ENDIANNESS_LITTLE) offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS - offsbits;
				return write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, (_NativeType)data << offsbits, (_NativeType)mask << offsbits);
			}
		}

		// determine our alignment against the native boundaries, and mask the address
		UINT32 offsbits = 8 * (address & (NATIVE_BYTES - 1));
		address &= ~NATIVE_MASK;

		// if we're here, and native size is larger or equal to the target, we need exactly 2 writes
		if (NATIVE_BYTES >= TARGET_BYTES)
		{
			// little-endian case
			if (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				// write lower bits to lower address
				_NativeType curmask = (_NativeType)mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) write_native(address, (_NativeType)data << offsbits, curmask);

				// write upper bits to upper address
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) write_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, data >> offsbits, curmask);
			}

			// big-endian case
			else
			{
				// left-justify the mask and data to the target type
				const UINT32 LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT = ((NATIVE_BITS >= TARGET_BITS) ? (NATIVE_BITS - TARGET_BITS) : 0);
				_NativeType ljdata = (_NativeType)data << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;
				_NativeType ljmask = (_NativeType)mask << LEFT_JUSTIFY_TARGET_TO_NATIVE_SHIFT;

				// write upper bits to lower address
				_NativeType curmask = ljmask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) write_native(address, ljdata >> offsbits, curmask);

				// write lower bits to upper address
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				curmask = ljmask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) write_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, ljdata << offsbits, curmask);
			}
		}

		// if we're here, then we have 2 or more writes needed to get our final result
		else
		{
			// compute the maximum number of loops; we do it this way so that there are
			// a fixed number of loops for the compiler to unroll if it desires
			const UINT32 MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE = TARGET_BYTES / NATIVE_BYTES - 1;

			// little-endian case
			if (_Endian == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				// write lowest bits to first address
				_NativeType curmask = mask << offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) write_native(address, data << offsbits, curmask);

				// write middle bits to subsequent addresses
				offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
				for (UINT32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
				{
					address += NATIVE_BYTES;
					curmask = mask >> offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) write_native(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);
					offsbits += NATIVE_BITS;
				}

				// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, write uppermost bits to last address
				if (!_Aligned && offsbits < TARGET_BITS)
				{
					curmask = mask >> offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) write_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, data >> offsbits, curmask);
				}
			}

			// big-endian case
			else
			{
				// write highest bits to first address
				offsbits = TARGET_BITS - (NATIVE_BITS - offsbits);
				_NativeType curmask = mask >> offsbits;
				if (curmask != 0) write_native(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);

				// write middle bits to subsequent addresses
				for (UINT32 index = 0; index < MAX_SPLITS_MINUS_ONE; index++)
				{
					offsbits -= NATIVE_BITS;
					address += NATIVE_BYTES;
					curmask = mask >> offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) write_native(address, data >> offsbits, curmask);
				}

				// if we're not aligned and we still have bits left, write lowermost bits to the last address
				if (!_Aligned && offsbits != 0)
				{
					offsbits = NATIVE_BITS - offsbits;
					curmask = mask << offsbits;
					if (curmask != 0) write_native(address + NATIVE_BYTES, data << offsbits, curmask);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Allows to announce a pending read or write operation on this address.
	// The user of the address_space calls a set_address operation which leads
	// to some particular set_offset operation for an entry in the address map.
	void set_address(offs_t address) override
	{
		offs_t byteaddress = address & m_bytemask;
		UINT32 entry = setoffset_lookup(byteaddress);
		const handler_entry_setoffset &handler = m_setoffset.handler_setoffset(entry);

		offs_t offset = handler.byteoffset(byteaddress);
		handler.setoffset(*this, offset / sizeof(_NativeType));
	}

	// virtual access to these functions
	UINT8 read_byte(offs_t address) override { return (NATIVE_BITS == 8) ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : read_direct<UINT8, true>(address, 0xff); }
	UINT16 read_word(offs_t address) override { return (NATIVE_BITS == 16) ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : read_direct<UINT16, true>(address, 0xffff); }
	UINT16 read_word(offs_t address, UINT16 mask) override { return read_direct<UINT16, true>(address, mask); }
	UINT16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address) override { return read_direct<UINT16, false>(address, 0xffff); }
	UINT16 read_word_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT16 mask) override { return read_direct<UINT16, false>(address, mask); }
	UINT32 read_dword(offs_t address) override { return (NATIVE_BITS == 32) ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : read_direct<UINT32, true>(address, 0xffffffff); }
	UINT32 read_dword(offs_t address, UINT32 mask) override { return read_direct<UINT32, true>(address, mask); }
	UINT32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address) override { return read_direct<UINT32, false>(address, 0xffffffff); }
	UINT32 read_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT32 mask) override { return read_direct<UINT32, false>(address, mask); }
	UINT64 read_qword(offs_t address) override { return (NATIVE_BITS == 64) ? read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : read_direct<UINT64, true>(address, U64(0xffffffffffffffff)); }
	UINT64 read_qword(offs_t address, UINT64 mask) override { return read_direct<UINT64, true>(address, mask); }
	UINT64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address) override { return read_direct<UINT64, false>(address, U64(0xffffffffffffffff)); }
	UINT64 read_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT64 mask) override { return read_direct<UINT64, false>(address, mask); }

	void write_byte(offs_t address, UINT8 data) override { if (NATIVE_BITS == 8) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else write_direct<UINT8, true>(address, data, 0xff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, UINT16 data) override { if (NATIVE_BITS == 16) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else write_direct<UINT16, true>(address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word(offs_t address, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask) override { write_direct<UINT16, true>(address, data, mask); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT16 data) override { write_direct<UINT16, false>(address, data, 0xffff); }
	void write_word_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask) override { write_direct<UINT16, false>(address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, UINT32 data) override { if (NATIVE_BITS == 32) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else write_direct<UINT32, true>(address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword(offs_t address, UINT32 data, UINT32 mask) override { write_direct<UINT32, true>(address, data, mask); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT32 data) override { write_direct<UINT32, false>(address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	void write_dword_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT32 data, UINT32 mask) override { write_direct<UINT32, false>(address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, UINT64 data) override { if (NATIVE_BITS == 64) write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else write_direct<UINT64, true>(address, data, U64(0xffffffffffffffff)); }
	void write_qword(offs_t address, UINT64 data, UINT64 mask) override { write_direct<UINT64, true>(address, data, mask); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT64 data) override { write_direct<UINT64, false>(address, data, U64(0xffffffffffffffff)); }
	void write_qword_unaligned(offs_t address, UINT64 data, UINT64 mask) override { write_direct<UINT64, false>(address, data, mask); }

	// static access to these functions
	static UINT8 read_byte_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return (NATIVE_BITS == 8) ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : space.read_direct<UINT8, true>(address, 0xff); }
	static UINT16 read_word_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return (NATIVE_BITS == 16) ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : space.read_direct<UINT16, true>(address, 0xffff); }
	static UINT16 read_word_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT16 mask) { return space.read_direct<UINT16, true>(address, mask); }
	static UINT32 read_dword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return (NATIVE_BITS == 32) ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : space.read_direct<UINT32, true>(address, 0xffffffff); }
	static UINT32 read_dword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT32 mask) { return space.read_direct<UINT32, true>(address, mask); }
	static UINT64 read_qword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address) { return (NATIVE_BITS == 64) ? space.read_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK) : space.read_direct<UINT64, true>(address, U64(0xffffffffffffffff)); }
	static UINT64 read_qword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT64 mask) { return space.read_direct<UINT64, true>(address, mask); }
	static void write_byte_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT8 data) { if (NATIVE_BITS == 8) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else space.write_direct<UINT8, true>(address, data, 0xff); }
	static void write_word_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT16 data) { if (NATIVE_BITS == 16) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else space.write_direct<UINT16, true>(address, data, 0xffff); }
	static void write_word_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask) { space.write_direct<UINT16, true>(address, data, mask); }
	static void write_dword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT32 data) { if (NATIVE_BITS == 32) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else space.write_direct<UINT32, true>(address, data, 0xffffffff); }
	static void write_dword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT32 data, UINT32 mask) { space.write_direct<UINT32, true>(address, data, mask); }
	static void write_qword_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT64 data) { if (NATIVE_BITS == 64) space.write_native(address & ~NATIVE_MASK, data); else space.write_direct<UINT64, true>(address, data, U64(0xffffffffffffffff)); }
	static void write_qword_masked_static(this_type &space, offs_t address, UINT64 data, UINT64 mask) { space.write_direct<UINT64, true>(address, data, mask); }

	address_table_read      m_read;             // memory read lookup table
	address_table_write     m_write;            // memory write lookup table
	address_table_setoffset m_setoffset;        // memory setoffset lookup table
};

typedef address_space_specific<UINT8,  ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, false> address_space_8le_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT8,  ENDIANNESS_BIG,    false> address_space_8be_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT16, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, false> address_space_16le_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT16, ENDIANNESS_BIG,    false> address_space_16be_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT32, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, false> address_space_32le_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT32, ENDIANNESS_BIG,    false> address_space_32be_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT64, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, false> address_space_64le_small;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT64, ENDIANNESS_BIG,    false> address_space_64be_small;

typedef address_space_specific<UINT8,  ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, true> address_space_8le_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT8,  ENDIANNESS_BIG,    true> address_space_8be_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT16, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, true> address_space_16le_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT16, ENDIANNESS_BIG,    true> address_space_16be_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT32, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, true> address_space_32le_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT32, ENDIANNESS_BIG,    true> address_space_32be_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT64, ENDIANNESS_LITTLE, true> address_space_64le_large;
typedef address_space_specific<UINT64, ENDIANNESS_BIG,    true> address_space_64be_large;



//**************************************************************************
//  GLOBAL VARIABLES
//**************************************************************************

// global watchpoint table
UINT16 address_table::s_watchpoint_table[1 << LEVEL1_BITS];



//**************************************************************************
//  FUNCTION PROTOTYPES
//**************************************************************************

// debugging
static void generate_memdump(running_machine &machine);



//**************************************************************************
//  MEMORY MANAGER
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  memory_manager - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_manager::memory_manager(running_machine &machine)
	: m_machine(machine),
		m_initialized(false),
		m_banknext(STATIC_BANK1)
{
	memset(m_bank_ptr, 0, sizeof(m_bank_ptr));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  initialize - initialize the memory system
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_manager::initialize()
{
	// loop over devices and spaces within each device
	memory_interface_iterator iter(machine().root_device());
	for (device_memory_interface &memory : iter)
		for (address_spacenum spacenum = AS_0; spacenum < ADDRESS_SPACES; ++spacenum)
		{
			// if there is a configuration for this space, we need an address space
			const address_space_config *spaceconfig = memory.space_config(spacenum);
			if (spaceconfig != nullptr)
				address_space::allocate(m_spacelist,*this, *spaceconfig, memory, spacenum);
		}

	// construct and preprocess the address_map for each space
	for (auto &space : m_spacelist)
		space->prepare_map();

	// create the handlers from the resulting address maps
	for (auto &space : m_spacelist)
		space->populate_from_map();

	// allocate memory needed to back each address space
	for (auto &space : m_spacelist)
		space->allocate_memory();

	// find all the allocated pointers
	for (auto &space : m_spacelist)
		space->locate_memory();

	// disable logging of unmapped access when no one receives it
	for (auto &space : m_spacelist)
	{
		if (!machine().options().log() && !machine().options().oslog() && !(machine().debug_flags & DEBUG_FLAG_ENABLED))
			space->set_log_unmap(false);
	}

	// register a callback to reset banks when reloading state
	machine().save().register_postload(save_prepost_delegate(FUNC(memory_manager::bank_reattach), this));

	// dump the final memory configuration
	generate_memdump(machine());

	// we are now initialized
	m_initialized = true;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  dump - dump the internal memory tables to the
//  given file
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_manager::dump(FILE *file)
{
	// skip if we can't open the file
	if (file == nullptr)
		return;

	// loop over address spaces
	for (auto &space : m_spacelist)
	{
		fprintf(file, "\n\n"
						"====================================================\n"
						"Device '%s' %s address space read handler dump\n"
						"====================================================\n", space->device().tag(), space->name());
		space->dump_map(file, ROW_READ);

		fprintf(file, "\n\n"
						"====================================================\n"
						"Device '%s' %s address space write handler dump\n"
						"====================================================\n", space->device().tag(), space->name());
		space->dump_map(file, ROW_WRITE);
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  region_alloc - allocates memory for a region
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_region *memory_manager::region_alloc(const char *name, UINT32 length, UINT8 width, endianness_t endian)
{
	osd_printf_verbose("Region '%s' created\n", name);
	// make sure we don't have a region of the same name; also find the end of the list
	if (m_regionlist.find(name) != m_regionlist.end())
		fatalerror("region_alloc called with duplicate region name \"%s\"\n", name);

	// allocate the region
	m_regionlist.emplace(name, std::make_unique<memory_region>(machine(), name, length, width, endian));
	return m_regionlist.find(name)->second.get();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  region_free - releases memory for a region
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_manager::region_free(const char *name)
{
	m_regionlist.erase(name);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  region_containing - helper to determine if
//  a block of memory is part of a region
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_region *memory_manager::region_containing(const void *memory, offs_t bytes) const
{
	const UINT8 *data = reinterpret_cast<const UINT8 *>(memory);

	// look through the region list and return the first match
	for (auto &region : m_regionlist)
		if (data >= region.second->base() && (data + bytes) <= region.second->end())
			return region.second.get();

	// didn't find one
	return nullptr;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  generate_memdump - internal memory dump
//-------------------------------------------------

static void generate_memdump(running_machine &machine)
{
	if (MEM_DUMP)
	{
		FILE *file = fopen("memdump.log", "w");
		if (file)
		{
			machine.memory().dump(file);
			fclose(file);
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  bank_reattach - reconnect banks after a load
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_manager::bank_reattach()
{
	// for each non-anonymous bank, explicitly reset its entry
	for (auto &bank : m_banklist)
		if (!bank.second->anonymous() && bank.second->entry() != BANK_ENTRY_UNSPECIFIED)
			bank.second->set_entry(bank.second->entry());
}



//**************************************************************************
//  ADDRESS SPACE
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_space - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_space::address_space(memory_manager &manager, device_memory_interface &memory, address_spacenum spacenum, bool large)
	: m_config(*memory.space_config(spacenum)),
		m_device(memory.device()),
		m_addrmask(0xffffffffUL >> (32 - m_config.m_addrbus_width)),
		m_bytemask(address_to_byte_end(m_addrmask)),
		m_logaddrmask(0xffffffffUL >> (32 - m_config.m_logaddr_width)),
		m_logbytemask(address_to_byte_end(m_logaddrmask)),
		m_unmap(0),
		m_spacenum(spacenum),
		m_debugger_access(false),
		m_log_unmap(true),
		m_direct(std::make_unique<direct_read_data>(*this)),
		m_name(memory.space_config(spacenum)->name()),
		m_addrchars((m_config.m_addrbus_width + 3) / 4),
		m_logaddrchars((m_config.m_logaddr_width + 3) / 4),
		m_manager(manager),
		m_machine(memory.device().machine())
{
	// notify the device
	memory.set_address_space(spacenum, *this);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  ~address_space - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_space::~address_space()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  allocate - static smart allocator of subtypes
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::allocate(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<address_space>> &space_list,memory_manager &manager, const address_space_config &config, device_memory_interface &memory, address_spacenum spacenum)
{
	// allocate one of the appropriate type
	bool large = (config.addr2byte_end(0xffffffffUL >> (32 - config.m_addrbus_width)) >= (1 << 18));

	switch (config.data_width())
	{
		case 8:
			if (config.endianness() == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				if (large) 
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_8le_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_8le_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			else
			{
				if (large) 
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_8be_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_8be_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			break;

		case 16:
			if (config.endianness() == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				if (large) 
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_16le_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_16le_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			else
			{
				if (large)
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_16be_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_16be_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			break;

		case 32:
			if (config.endianness() == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				if (large)
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_32le_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_32le_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			else
			{
				if (large)
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_32be_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_32be_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			break;

		case 64:
			if (config.endianness() == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE)
			{
				if (large)
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_64le_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_64le_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			else
			{
				if (large)
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_64be_large>(manager, memory, spacenum));
				else
					space_list.push_back(std::make_unique<address_space_64be_small>(manager, memory, spacenum));
			}
			break;
		default:
			throw emu_fatalerror("Invalid width %d specified for address_space::allocate", config.data_width());
	}	
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  adjust_addresses - adjust addresses for a
//  given address space in a standard fashion
//-------------------------------------------------

inline void address_space::adjust_addresses(offs_t &start, offs_t &end, offs_t &mask, offs_t &mirror)
{
	// adjust start/end/mask values
	if (mask == 0)
		mask = m_addrmask & ~mirror;
	else
		mask &= m_addrmask;
	start &= ~mirror & m_addrmask;
	end &= ~mirror & m_addrmask;

	// adjust to byte values
	start = address_to_byte(start);
	end = address_to_byte_end(end);
	mask = address_to_byte_end(mask);
	mirror = address_to_byte(mirror);
}

void address_space::check_optimize_all(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, offs_t &nstart, offs_t &nend, offs_t &nmask, offs_t &nmirror)
{
	if (addrstart > addrend)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, start address is after the end address.\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect);
	if (addrstart & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, start address is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, m_addrmask, addrstart & m_addrmask);
	if (addrend & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, end address is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, m_addrmask, addrend & m_addrmask);

	offs_t lowbits_mask = (m_config.data_width() >> (3 - m_config.m_addrbus_shift)) - 1;
	if (addrstart & lowbits_mask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, start address has low bits set, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrstart & ~lowbits_mask);
	if ((~addrend) & lowbits_mask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, end address has low bits unset, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrend | lowbits_mask);

	offs_t set_bits = addrstart | addrend;
	offs_t changing_bits = addrstart ^ addrend;
	// Round up to the nearest power-of-two-minus-one
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 1;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 2;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 4;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 8;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 16;

	if (addrmask & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, mask is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, m_addrmask, addrmask & m_addrmask);
	if (addrmirror & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, mirror is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, m_addrmask, addrmirror & m_addrmask);
	if (addrselect & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, select is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, m_addrmask, addrselect & m_addrmask);
	if (addrmask & ~changing_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, mask is trying to unmask an unchanging address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrmask & changing_bits);
	if (addrmirror & changing_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, mirror touches a changing address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrmirror & ~changing_bits);
	if (addrselect & changing_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, select touches a changing address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrselect & ~changing_bits);
	if (addrmirror & set_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, mirror touches a set address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrmirror & ~set_bits);
	if (addrselect & set_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, select touches a set address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrselect & ~set_bits);
	if (addrmirror & addrselect)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mask %x mirror %x select %x, mirror touches a select bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, addrmirror & ~addrselect);

	nstart = addrstart;
	nend = addrend;
	nmask = (addrmask ? addrmask : changing_bits) | addrselect;
	nmirror = addrmirror | addrselect;
	if(nmirror && !(nstart & changing_bits) && !((~nend) & changing_bits)) {
		// If the range covers the a complete power-of-two zone, it is
		// possible to remove 1 bits from the mirror, pushing the end
		// address.  The mask will clamp, and installing the range
		// will be faster.
		while(nmirror & (changing_bits+1)) {
			offs_t bit = nmirror & (changing_bits+1);
			nmirror &= ~bit;
			nend |= bit;
			changing_bits |= bit;
		}
	}
}

void address_space::check_optimize_mirror(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t &nstart, offs_t &nend, offs_t &nmask, offs_t &nmirror)
{
	if (addrstart > addrend)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, start address is after the end address.\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror);
	if (addrstart & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, start address is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, m_addrmask, addrstart & m_addrmask);
	if (addrend & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, end address is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, m_addrmask, addrend & m_addrmask);

	offs_t lowbits_mask = (m_config.data_width() >> (3 - m_config.m_addrbus_shift)) - 1;
	if (addrstart & lowbits_mask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, start address has low bits set, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, addrstart & ~lowbits_mask);
	if ((~addrend) & lowbits_mask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, end address has low bits unset, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, addrend | lowbits_mask);

	offs_t set_bits = addrstart | addrend;
	offs_t changing_bits = addrstart ^ addrend;
	// Round up to the nearest power-of-two-minus-one
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 1;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 2;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 4;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 8;
	changing_bits |= changing_bits >> 16;

	if (addrmirror & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, mirror is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, m_addrmask, addrmirror & m_addrmask);
	if (addrmirror & changing_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, mirror touches a changing address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, addrmirror & ~changing_bits);
	if (addrmirror & set_bits)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x mirror %x, mirror touches a set address bit, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, addrmirror & ~set_bits);

	nstart = addrstart;
	nend = addrend;
	nmask = changing_bits;
	nmirror = addrmirror;

	if(nmirror && !(nstart & changing_bits) && !((~nend) & changing_bits)) {
		// If the range covers the a complete power-of-two zone, it is
		// possible to remove 1 bits from the mirror, pushing the end
		// address.  The mask will clamp, and installing the range
		// will be faster.
		while(nmirror & (changing_bits+1)) {
			offs_t bit = nmirror & (changing_bits+1);
			nmirror &= ~bit;
			nend |= bit;
			changing_bits |= bit;
		}
	}
}

void address_space::check_address(const char *function, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend)
{
	if (addrstart > addrend)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x, start address is after the end address.\n", function, addrstart, addrend);
	if (addrstart & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x, start address is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, m_addrmask, addrstart & m_addrmask);
	if (addrend & ~m_addrmask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x, end address is outside of the global address mask %x, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, m_addrmask, addrend & m_addrmask);

	offs_t lowbits_mask = (m_config.data_width() >> (3 - m_config.m_addrbus_shift)) - 1;
	if (addrstart & lowbits_mask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x, start address has low bits set, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrstart & ~lowbits_mask);
	if ((~addrend) & lowbits_mask)
		fatalerror("%s: In range %x-%x, end address has low bits unset, did you mean %x ?\n", function, addrstart, addrend, addrend | lowbits_mask);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  prepare_map - allocate the address map and
//  walk through it to find implicit memory regions
//  and identify shared regions
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::prepare_map()
{
	memory_region *devregion = (m_spacenum == AS_0) ? machine().root_device().memregion(m_device.tag()) : nullptr;
	UINT32 devregionsize = (devregion != nullptr) ? devregion->bytes() : 0;

	// allocate the address map
	m_map = std::make_unique<address_map>(m_device, m_spacenum);

	// merge in the submaps
	m_map->uplift_submaps(machine(), m_device, m_device.owner() ? *m_device.owner() : m_device, endianness());

	// extract global parameters specified by the map
	m_unmap = (m_map->m_unmapval == 0) ? 0 : ~0;
	if (m_map->m_globalmask != 0)
	{
		m_addrmask = m_map->m_globalmask;
		m_bytemask = address_to_byte_end(m_addrmask);
	}

	// make a pass over the address map, adjusting for the device and getting memory pointers
	for (address_map_entry &entry : m_map->m_entrylist)
	{
		// computed adjusted addresses first
		entry.m_bytestart = entry.m_addrstart;
		entry.m_byteend = entry.m_addrend;
		entry.m_bytemirror = entry.m_addrmirror;
		entry.m_bytemask = entry.m_addrmask;
		adjust_addresses(entry.m_bytestart, entry.m_byteend, entry.m_bytemask, entry.m_bytemirror);

		// if we have a share entry, add it to our map
		if (entry.m_share != nullptr)
		{
			// if we can't find it, add it to our map
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_share);
			if (manager().m_sharelist.find(fulltag.c_str()) == manager().m_sharelist.end())
			{
				VPRINTF(("Creating share '%s' of length 0x%X\n", fulltag.c_str(), entry.m_byteend + 1 - entry.m_bytestart));
				manager().m_sharelist.emplace(fulltag.c_str(), std::make_unique<memory_share>(m_map->m_databits, entry.m_byteend + 1 - entry.m_bytestart, endianness()));
			}
		}

		// if this is a ROM handler without a specified region, attach it to the implicit region
		if (m_spacenum == AS_0 && entry.m_read.m_type == AMH_ROM && entry.m_region == nullptr)
		{
			// make sure it fits within the memory region before doing so, however
			if (entry.m_byteend < devregionsize)
			{
				entry.m_region = m_device.tag();
				entry.m_rgnoffs = entry.m_bytestart;
			}
		}

		// validate adjusted addresses against implicit regions
		if (entry.m_region != nullptr && entry.m_share == nullptr)
		{
			// determine full tag
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_region);

			// find the region
			memory_region *region = machine().root_device().memregion(fulltag.c_str());
			if (region == nullptr)
				fatalerror("device '%s' %s space memory map entry %X-%X references non-existant region \"%s\"\n", m_device.tag(), m_name, entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_region);

			// validate the region
			if (entry.m_rgnoffs + (entry.m_byteend - entry.m_bytestart + 1) > region->bytes())
				fatalerror("device '%s' %s space memory map entry %X-%X extends beyond region \"%s\" size (%X)\n", m_device.tag(), m_name, entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_region, region->bytes());
		}

		// convert any region-relative entries to their memory pointers
		if (entry.m_region != nullptr)
		{
			// determine full tag
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_region);

			// set the memory address
			entry.m_memory = machine().root_device().memregion(fulltag.c_str())->base() + entry.m_rgnoffs;
		}
	}

	// now loop over all the handlers and enforce the address mask
	read().mask_all_handlers(m_bytemask);
	write().mask_all_handlers(m_bytemask);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  populate_from_map - walk the map in reverse
//  order and install the appropriate handler for
//  each case
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::populate_from_map(address_map *map)
{
	// no map specified, use the space-specific one
	if (map == nullptr)
		map = m_map.get();

	// no map, nothing to do
	if (map == nullptr)
		return;

	// install the handlers, using the original, unadjusted memory map
	const address_map_entry *last_entry = nullptr;
	while (last_entry != map->m_entrylist.first())
	{
		// find the entry before the last one we processed
		const address_map_entry *entry;
		for (entry = map->m_entrylist.first(); entry->next() != last_entry; entry = entry->next()) { };
		last_entry = entry;

		// map both read and write halves
		populate_map_entry(*entry, ROW_READ);
		populate_map_entry(*entry, ROW_WRITE);
		populate_map_entry_setoffset(*entry);
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  populate_map_entry - map a single read or
//  write entry based on information from an
//  address map entry
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::populate_map_entry(const address_map_entry &entry, read_or_write readorwrite)
{
	const map_handler_data &data = (readorwrite == ROW_READ) ? entry.m_read : entry.m_write;
	// based on the handler type, alter the bits, name, funcptr, and object
	switch (data.m_type)
	{
		case AMH_NONE:
			return;

		case AMH_ROM:
			// writes to ROM are no-ops
			if (readorwrite == ROW_WRITE)
				return;
			// fall through to the RAM case otherwise

		case AMH_RAM:
			install_ram_generic(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmirror, readorwrite, nullptr);
			break;

		case AMH_NOP:
			unmap_generic(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmirror, readorwrite, true);
			break;

		case AMH_UNMAP:
			unmap_generic(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmirror, readorwrite, false);
			break;

		case AMH_DEVICE_DELEGATE:
			if (readorwrite == ROW_READ)
				switch (data.m_bits)
				{
					case 8:     install_read_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, read8_delegate(entry.m_rproto8, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
					case 16:    install_read_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, read16_delegate(entry.m_rproto16, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
					case 32:    install_read_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, read32_delegate(entry.m_rproto32, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
					case 64:    install_read_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, read64_delegate(entry.m_rproto64, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
				}
			else
				switch (data.m_bits)
				{
					case 8:     install_write_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, write8_delegate(entry.m_wproto8, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
					case 16:    install_write_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, write16_delegate(entry.m_wproto16, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
					case 32:    install_write_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, write32_delegate(entry.m_wproto32, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
					case 64:    install_write_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask, entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, write64_delegate(entry.m_wproto64, entry.m_devbase), data.m_mask); break;
				}
			break;

		case AMH_PORT:
			install_readwrite_port(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmirror,
							(readorwrite == ROW_READ) ? data.m_tag : nullptr,
							(readorwrite == ROW_WRITE) ? data.m_tag : nullptr);
			break;

		case AMH_BANK:
			install_bank_generic(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmirror,
							(readorwrite == ROW_READ) ? data.m_tag : nullptr,
							(readorwrite == ROW_WRITE) ? data.m_tag : nullptr);
			break;

		case AMH_DEVICE_SUBMAP:
			throw emu_fatalerror("Internal mapping error: leftover mapping of '%s'.\n", data.m_tag);
	}
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  populate_map_entry_setoffset - special case for setoffset
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::populate_map_entry_setoffset(const address_map_entry &entry)
{
	install_setoffset_handler(entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_addrmask,
		entry.m_addrmirror, entry.m_addrselect, setoffset_delegate(entry.m_soproto, entry.m_devbase), entry.m_setoffsethd.m_mask);
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  allocate_memory - determine all neighboring
//  address ranges and allocate memory to back
//  them
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::allocate_memory()
{
	auto &blocklist = manager().m_blocklist;

	// make a first pass over the memory map and track blocks with hardcoded pointers
	// we do this to make sure they are found by space_find_backing_memory first
	int tail = blocklist.size();
	for (address_map_entry &entry : m_map->m_entrylist)
		if (entry.m_memory != nullptr)
			blocklist.push_back(std::make_unique<memory_block>(*this, entry.m_bytestart, entry.m_byteend, entry.m_memory));

	// loop over all blocks just allocated and assign pointers from them
	address_map_entry *unassigned = nullptr;
	
	for (auto memblock = blocklist.begin() + tail; memblock != blocklist.end(); ++memblock)
		unassigned = block_assign_intersecting(memblock->get()->bytestart(), memblock->get()->byteend(), memblock->get()->data());

	// if we don't have an unassigned pointer yet, try to find one
	if (unassigned == nullptr)
		unassigned = block_assign_intersecting(~0, 0, nullptr);

	// loop until we've assigned all memory in this space
	while (unassigned != nullptr)
	{
		// work in MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK-sized chunks
		offs_t curblockstart = unassigned->m_bytestart / MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK;
		offs_t curblockend = unassigned->m_byteend / MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK;

		// loop while we keep finding unassigned blocks in neighboring MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK chunks
		bool changed;
		do
		{
			changed = false;

			// scan for unmapped blocks in the adjusted map
			for (address_map_entry &entry : m_map->m_entrylist)
				if (entry.m_memory == nullptr && &entry != unassigned && needs_backing_store(entry))
				{
					// get block start/end blocks for this block
					offs_t blockstart = entry.m_bytestart / MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK;
					offs_t blockend = entry.m_byteend / MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK;

					// if we intersect or are adjacent, adjust the start/end
					if (blockstart <= curblockend + 1 && blockend >= curblockstart - 1)
					{
						if (blockstart < curblockstart)
							curblockstart = blockstart, changed = true;
						if (blockend > curblockend)
							curblockend = blockend, changed = true;
					}
				}
		} while (changed);

		// we now have a block to allocate; do it
		offs_t curbytestart = curblockstart * MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK;
		offs_t curbyteend = curblockend * MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK + (MEMORY_BLOCK_CHUNK - 1);
		auto block = std::make_unique<memory_block>(*this, curbytestart, curbyteend);
		
		// assign memory that intersected the new block
		unassigned = block_assign_intersecting(curbytestart, curbyteend, block.get()->data());
		blocklist.push_back(std::move(block));
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  locate_memory - find all the requested
//  pointers into the final allocated memory
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::locate_memory()
{
	// once this is done, find the starting bases for the banks
	for (auto &bank : manager().banks())
		if (bank.second->base() == nullptr && bank.second->references_space(*this, ROW_READWRITE))
		{
			// set the initial bank pointer
			for (address_map_entry &entry : m_map->m_entrylist)
				if (entry.m_bytestart == bank.second->bytestart() && entry.m_memory != nullptr)
				{
					bank.second->set_base(entry.m_memory);
					VPRINTF(("assigned bank '%s' pointer to memory from range %08X-%08X [%p]\n", bank.second->tag(), entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_memory));
					break;
				}

			// if the entry was set ahead of time, override the automatically found pointer
			if (!bank.second->anonymous() && bank.second->entry() != BANK_ENTRY_UNSPECIFIED)
				bank.second->set_entry(bank.second->entry());
		}
}




//-------------------------------------------------
//  block_assign_intersecting - find all
//  intersecting blocks and assign their pointers
//-------------------------------------------------

address_map_entry *address_space::block_assign_intersecting(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, UINT8 *base)
{
	address_map_entry *unassigned = nullptr;

	// loop over the adjusted map and assign memory to any blocks we can
	for (address_map_entry &entry : m_map->m_entrylist)
	{
		// if we haven't assigned this block yet, see if we have a mapped shared pointer for it
		if (entry.m_memory == nullptr && entry.m_share != nullptr)
		{
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_share);
			auto share = manager().shares().find(fulltag.c_str());
			if (share != manager().shares().end() && share->second->ptr() != nullptr)
			{
				entry.m_memory = share->second->ptr();
				VPRINTF(("memory range %08X-%08X -> shared_ptr '%s' [%p]\n", entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_share, entry.m_memory));
			}
			else
			{
				VPRINTF(("memory range %08X-%08X -> shared_ptr '%s' but not found\n", entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, entry.m_share));
			}
		}

		// otherwise, look for a match in this block
		if (entry.m_memory == nullptr && entry.m_bytestart >= bytestart && entry.m_byteend <= byteend)
		{
			entry.m_memory = base + (entry.m_bytestart - bytestart);
			VPRINTF(("memory range %08X-%08X -> found in block from %08X-%08X [%p]\n", entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, bytestart, byteend, entry.m_memory));
		}

		// if we're the first match on a shared pointer, assign it now
		if (entry.m_memory != nullptr && entry.m_share != nullptr)
		{
			std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_share);
			auto share = manager().shares().find(fulltag.c_str());
			if (share != manager().shares().end() && share->second->ptr() == nullptr)
			{
				share->second->set_ptr(entry.m_memory);
				VPRINTF(("setting shared_ptr '%s' = %p\n", entry.m_share, entry.m_memory));
			}
		}

		// keep track of the first unassigned entry
		if (entry.m_memory == nullptr && unassigned == nullptr && needs_backing_store(entry))
			unassigned = &entry;
	}

	return unassigned;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  get_handler_string - return a string
//  describing the handler at a particular offset
//-------------------------------------------------

const char *address_space::get_handler_string(read_or_write readorwrite, offs_t byteaddress)
{
	if (readorwrite == ROW_READ)
		return read().handler_name(read().lookup(byteaddress));
	else
		return write().handler_name(write().lookup(byteaddress));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  dump_map - dump the contents of a single
//  address space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::dump_map(FILE *file, read_or_write readorwrite)
{
	const address_table &table = (readorwrite == ROW_READ) ? static_cast<address_table &>(read()) : static_cast<address_table &>(write());

	// dump generic information
	fprintf(file, "  Address bits = %d\n", m_config.m_addrbus_width);
	fprintf(file, "     Data bits = %d\n", m_config.m_databus_width);
	fprintf(file, "  Address mask = %X\n", m_bytemask);
	fprintf(file, "\n");

	// iterate over addresses
	offs_t bytestart, byteend;
	for (offs_t byteaddress = 0; byteaddress <= m_bytemask; byteaddress = byteend)
	{
		UINT16 entry = table.derive_range(byteaddress, bytestart, byteend);
		fprintf(file, "%08X-%08X    = %02X: %s [offset=%08X]\n",
						bytestart, byteend, entry, table.handler_name(entry), table.handler(entry).bytestart());
		if (++byteend == 0)
			break;
	}
}


//**************************************************************************
//  DYNAMIC ADDRESS SPACE MAPPING
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  unmap - unmap a section of address space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::unmap_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite, bool quiet)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::unmap(%s-%s mirror=%s, %s, %s)\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				(readorwrite == ROW_READ) ? "read" : (readorwrite == ROW_WRITE) ? "write" : (readorwrite == ROW_READWRITE) ? "read/write" : "??",
				quiet ? "quiet" : "normal"));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("unmap_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// read space
	if (readorwrite == ROW_READ || readorwrite == ROW_READWRITE)
		read().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, quiet ? STATIC_NOP : STATIC_UNMAP);

	// write space
	if (readorwrite == ROW_WRITE || readorwrite == ROW_READWRITE)
		write().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, quiet ? STATIC_NOP : STATIC_UNMAP);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_device_delegate - install the memory map
//  of a live device into this address space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_device_delegate(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, device_t &device, address_map_delegate &delegate, int bits, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	check_address("install_device_delegate", addrstart, addrend);
	address_map map(*this, addrstart, addrend, bits, unitmask, device, delegate);
	map.uplift_submaps(machine(), m_device, device, endianness());
	populate_from_map(&map);
}



//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_readwrite_port - install a new I/O port
//  handler into this address space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_readwrite_port(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, const char *rtag, const char *wtag)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_readwrite_port(%s-%s mirror=%s, read=\"%s\" / write=\"%s\")\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				(rtag != nullptr) ? rtag : "(none)", (wtag != nullptr) ? wtag : "(none)"));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_readwrite_port", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// read handler
	if (rtag != nullptr)
	{
		// find the port
		ioport_port *port = machine().root_device().ioport(device().siblingtag(rtag).c_str());
		if (port == nullptr)
			throw emu_fatalerror("Attempted to map non-existent port '%s' for read in space %s of device '%s'\n", rtag, m_name, m_device.tag());

		// map the range and set the ioport
		read().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror).set_ioport(*port);
	}

	if (wtag != nullptr)
	{
		// find the port
		ioport_port *port = machine().root_device().ioport(device().siblingtag(wtag).c_str());
		if (port == nullptr)
			fatalerror("Attempted to map non-existent port '%s' for write in space %s of device '%s'\n", wtag, m_name, m_device.tag());

		// map the range and set the ioport
		write().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror).set_ioport(*port);
	}

	// update the memory dump
	generate_memdump(machine());
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_bank_generic - install a range as
//  mapping to a particular bank
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_bank_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, const char *rtag, const char *wtag)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_readwrite_bank(%s-%s mirror=%s, read=\"%s\" / write=\"%s\")\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				(rtag != nullptr) ? rtag : "(none)", (wtag != nullptr) ? wtag : "(none)"));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_bank_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// map the read bank
	if (rtag != nullptr)
	{
		std::string fulltag = device().siblingtag(rtag);
		memory_bank &bank = bank_find_or_allocate(fulltag.c_str(), addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, ROW_READ);
		read().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, bank.index());
	}

	// map the write bank
	if (wtag != nullptr)
	{
		std::string fulltag = device().siblingtag(wtag);
		memory_bank &bank = bank_find_or_allocate(fulltag.c_str(), addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, ROW_WRITE);
		write().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, bank.index());
	}

	// update the memory dump
	generate_memdump(machine());
}


void address_space::install_bank_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, memory_bank *rbank, memory_bank *wbank)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_readwrite_bank(%s-%s mirror=%s, read=\"%s\" / write=\"%s\")\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				(rbank != nullptr) ? rbank->tag() : "(none)", (wbank != nullptr) ? wbank->tag() : "(none)"));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_bank_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// map the read bank
	if (rbank != nullptr)
	{
		read().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, rbank->index());
	}

	// map the write bank
	if (wbank != nullptr)
	{
		write().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, wbank->index());
	}

	// update the memory dump
	generate_memdump(machine());
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_ram_generic - install a simple fixed
//  RAM region into the given address space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_ram_generic(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite, void *baseptr)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_ram_generic(%s-%s mirror=%s, %s, %p)\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				(readorwrite == ROW_READ) ? "read" : (readorwrite == ROW_WRITE) ? "write" : (readorwrite == ROW_READWRITE) ? "read/write" : "??",
				baseptr));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_mirror("install_ram_generic", addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	// map for read
	if (readorwrite == ROW_READ || readorwrite == ROW_READWRITE)
	{
		// find a bank and map it
		memory_bank &bank = bank_find_or_allocate(nullptr, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, ROW_READ);
		read().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, bank.index());

		// if we are provided a pointer, set it
		if (baseptr != nullptr)
			bank.set_base(baseptr);

		// if we don't have a bank pointer yet, try to find one
		if (bank.base() == nullptr)
		{
			void *backing = find_backing_memory(addrstart, addrend);
			if (backing != nullptr)
				bank.set_base(backing);
		}

		// if we still don't have a pointer, and we're past the initialization phase, allocate a new block
		if (bank.base() == nullptr && manager().m_initialized)
		{
			if (machine().phase() >= MACHINE_PHASE_RESET)
				fatalerror("Attempted to call install_ram_generic() after initialization time without a baseptr!\n");
			auto block = std::make_unique<memory_block>(*this, address_to_byte(addrstart), address_to_byte_end(addrend));			
			bank.set_base(block.get()->data());
			manager().m_blocklist.push_back(std::move(block));
		}
	}

	// map for write
	if (readorwrite == ROW_WRITE || readorwrite == ROW_READWRITE)
	{
		// find a bank and map it
		memory_bank &bank = bank_find_or_allocate(nullptr, addrstart, addrend, addrmirror, ROW_WRITE);
		write().map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, bank.index());

		// if we are provided a pointer, set it
		if (baseptr != nullptr)
			bank.set_base(baseptr);

		// if we don't have a bank pointer yet, try to find one
		if (bank.base() == nullptr)
		{
			void *backing = find_backing_memory(addrstart, addrend);
			if (backing != nullptr)
				bank.set_base(backing);
		}

		// if we still don't have a pointer, and we're past the initialization phase, allocate a new block
		if (bank.base() == nullptr && manager().m_initialized)
		{
			if (machine().phase() >= MACHINE_PHASE_RESET)
				fatalerror("Attempted to call install_ram_generic() after initialization time without a baseptr!\n");
			auto block = std::make_unique<memory_block>(*this, address_to_byte(addrstart), address_to_byte_end(addrend));
			bank.set_base(block.get()->data());
			manager().m_blocklist.push_back(std::move(block));
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_handler - install 8-bit read/write
//  delegate handlers for the space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_read_handler(%s-%s mask=%s mirror=%s, %s, %s)\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmask, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				handler.name(), core_i64_hex_format(unitmask, data_width() / 4)));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_read_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	read().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write8_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_write_handler(%s-%s mask=%s mirror=%s, %s, %s)\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmask, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				handler.name(), core_i64_hex_format(unitmask, data_width() / 4)));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_write_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);

	write().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read8_delegate rhandler, write8_delegate whandler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, rhandler, unitmask);
	install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, whandler, unitmask);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_handler - install 16-bit read/write
//  delegate handlers for the space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_read_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	read().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write16_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_write_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	write().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read16_delegate rhandler, write16_delegate whandler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, rhandler, unitmask);
	install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, whandler, unitmask);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_handler - install 32-bit read/write
//  delegate handlers for the space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_read_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	read().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write32_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_write_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	write().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read32_delegate rhandler, write32_delegate whandler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, rhandler, unitmask);
	install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, whandler, unitmask);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  install_handler64 - install 64-bit read/write
//  delegate handlers for the space
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_read_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_read_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	read().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_write_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, write64_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_write_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	write().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
	generate_memdump(machine());
}

void address_space::install_readwrite_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, read64_delegate rhandler, write64_delegate whandler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	install_read_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, rhandler, unitmask);
	install_write_handler(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, whandler, unitmask);
}


//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
//  install_setoffset_handler - install set_offset delegate handlers for the space
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------

void address_space::install_setoffset_handler(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, offs_t addrselect, setoffset_delegate handler, UINT64 unitmask)
{
	VPRINTF(("address_space::install_setoffset_handler(%s-%s mask=%s mirror=%s, %s, %s)\n",
				core_i64_hex_format(addrstart, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrend, m_addrchars),
				core_i64_hex_format(addrmask, m_addrchars), core_i64_hex_format(addrmirror, m_addrchars),
				handler.name(), core_i64_hex_format(unitmask, data_width() / 4)));

	offs_t nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror;
	check_optimize_all("install_setoffset_handler", addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, addrselect, nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror);
	setoffset().handler_map_range(nstart, nend, nmask, nmirror, unitmask).set_delegate(handler);
}

//**************************************************************************
//  MEMORY MAPPING HELPERS
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  find_backing_memory - return a pointer to
//  the base of RAM associated with the given
//  device and offset
//-------------------------------------------------

void *address_space::find_backing_memory(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend)
{
	offs_t bytestart = address_to_byte(addrstart);
	offs_t byteend = address_to_byte_end(addrend);

	VPRINTF(("address_space::find_backing_memory('%s',%s,%08X-%08X) -> ", m_device.tag(), m_name, bytestart, byteend));

	if (m_map == nullptr)
		return nullptr;

	// look in the address map first
	for (address_map_entry &entry : m_map->m_entrylist)
	{
		offs_t maskstart = bytestart & entry.m_bytemask;
		offs_t maskend = byteend & entry.m_bytemask;
		if (entry.m_memory != nullptr && maskstart >= entry.m_bytestart && maskend <= entry.m_byteend)
		{
			VPRINTF(("found in entry %08X-%08X [%p]\n", entry.m_addrstart, entry.m_addrend, (UINT8 *)entry.m_memory + (maskstart - entry.m_bytestart)));
			return (UINT8 *)entry.m_memory + (maskstart - entry.m_bytestart);
		}
	}

	// if not found there, look in the allocated blocks
	for (auto &block : manager().m_blocklist)
		if (block->contains(*this, bytestart, byteend))
		{
			VPRINTF(("found in allocated memory block %08X-%08X [%p]\n", block->bytestart(), block->byteend(), block->data() + (bytestart - block->bytestart())));
			return block->data() + bytestart - block->bytestart();
		}

	VPRINTF(("did not find\n"));
	return nullptr;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  space_needs_backing_store - return whether a
//  given memory map entry implies the need of
//  allocating and registering memory
//-------------------------------------------------

bool address_space::needs_backing_store(const address_map_entry &entry)
{
	// if we are sharing, and we don't have a pointer yet, create one
	if (entry.m_share != nullptr)
	{
		std::string fulltag = entry.m_devbase.subtag(entry.m_share);
		auto share = manager().shares().find(fulltag.c_str());
		if (share != manager().shares().end() && share->second->ptr() == nullptr)
			return true;
	}

	// if we're writing to any sort of bank or RAM, then yes, we do need backing
	if (entry.m_write.m_type == AMH_BANK || entry.m_write.m_type == AMH_RAM)
		return true;

	// if we're reading from RAM or from ROM outside of address space 0 or its region, then yes, we do need backing
	memory_region *region = machine().root_device().memregion(m_device.tag());
	if (entry.m_read.m_type == AMH_RAM ||
		(entry.m_read.m_type == AMH_ROM && (m_spacenum != AS_0 || region == nullptr || entry.m_addrstart >= region->bytes())))
		return true;

	// all other cases don't need backing
	return false;
}



//**************************************************************************
//  BANKING HELPERS
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  bank_find_or_allocate - allocate a new
//  bank, or find an existing one, and return the
//  read/write handler
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_bank &address_space::bank_find_or_allocate(const char *tag, offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmirror, read_or_write readorwrite)
{
	// adjust the addresses, handling mirrors and such
	offs_t bytemirror = addrmirror;
	offs_t bytestart = addrstart;
	offs_t bytemask = 0;
	offs_t byteend = addrend;
	adjust_addresses(bytestart, byteend, bytemask, bytemirror);

	// look up the bank by name, or else by byte range
	memory_bank *membank = nullptr;
	if (tag != nullptr) {
		auto bank = manager().banks().find(tag);
		if (bank != manager().banks().end())
			membank = bank->second.get();
	}
	else {
		membank = bank_find_anonymous(bytestart, byteend);
	}

	// if we don't have a bank yet, find a free one
	if (membank == nullptr)
	{
		// handle failure
		int banknum = manager().m_banknext++;
		if (banknum > STATIC_BANKMAX)
		{
			if (tag != nullptr)
				throw emu_fatalerror("Unable to allocate new bank '%s'", tag);
			else
				throw emu_fatalerror("Unable to allocate bank for RAM/ROM area %X-%X\n", bytestart, byteend);
		}

		// if no tag, create a unique one
		auto bank = std::make_unique<memory_bank>(*this, banknum, bytestart, byteend, tag);
		std::string temptag;
		if (tag == nullptr) {
			temptag = string_format("anon_%p", bank.get());
			tag = temptag.c_str();
		}
		manager().m_banklist.emplace(tag, std::move(bank));
		membank = manager().m_banklist.find(tag)->second.get();
	}

	// add a reference for this space
	membank->add_reference(*this, readorwrite);
	return *membank;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  bank_find_anonymous - try to find an anonymous
//  bank matching the given byte range
//-------------------------------------------------
memory_bank *address_space::bank_find_anonymous(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend) const
{
	// try to find an exact match
	for (auto &bank : manager().banks())
		if (bank.second->anonymous() && bank.second->references_space(*this, ROW_READWRITE) && bank.second->matches_exactly(bytestart, byteend))
			return bank.second.get();

	// not found
	return nullptr;
}


//**************************************************************************
//  TABLE MANAGEMENT
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_table - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_table::address_table(address_space &space, bool large)
	: m_table(1 << LEVEL1_BITS),
		m_space(space),
		m_large(large),
		m_subtable(SUBTABLE_COUNT),
		m_subtable_alloc(0)
{
	m_live_lookup = &m_table[0];

	// make our static table all watchpoints
	if (s_watchpoint_table[0] != STATIC_WATCHPOINT)
		for (unsigned int i=0; i != ARRAY_LENGTH(s_watchpoint_table); i++)
			s_watchpoint_table[i] = STATIC_WATCHPOINT;

	// initialize everything to unmapped
	for (unsigned int i=0; i != 1 << LEVEL1_BITS; i++)
		m_table[i] = STATIC_UNMAP;

	// initialize the handlers freelist
	for (int i=0; i != SUBTABLE_BASE-STATIC_COUNT-1; i++)
		handler_next_free[i] = i+STATIC_COUNT+1;
	handler_next_free[SUBTABLE_BASE-STATIC_COUNT-1] = STATIC_INVALID;
	handler_free = STATIC_COUNT;

	// initialize the handlers refcounts
	memset(handler_refcount, 0, sizeof(handler_refcount));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  ~address_table - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_table::~address_table()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  map_range - map a specific entry in the address
//  map
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::map_range(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, UINT16 entry)
{
	// convert addresses to bytes
	offs_t bytestart = addrstart;
	offs_t byteend = addrend;
	offs_t bytemask = addrmask;
	offs_t bytemirror = addrmirror;
	m_space.adjust_addresses(bytestart, byteend, bytemask, bytemirror);

	// validity checks
	assert_always(addrstart <= addrend, "address_table::map_range called with start greater than end");
	assert_always((bytestart & (m_space.data_width() / 8 - 1)) == 0, "address_table::map_range called with misaligned start address");
	assert_always((byteend & (m_space.data_width() / 8 - 1)) == (m_space.data_width() / 8 - 1), "address_table::map_range called with misaligned end address");

	// configure the entry to our parameters (but not for static non-banked cases)
	handler_entry &curentry = handler(entry);
	if (entry <= STATIC_BANKMAX || entry >= STATIC_COUNT)
		curentry.configure(bytestart, byteend, bytemask);

	// populate it
	populate_range_mirrored(bytestart, byteend, bytemirror, entry);

	// recompute any direct access on this space if it is a read modification
	m_space.m_direct->force_update(entry);

	//  verify_reference_counts();
}

UINT16 address_table::get_free_handler()
{
	if (handler_free == STATIC_INVALID)
		throw emu_fatalerror("Out of handler entries in address table");

	UINT16 handler = handler_free;
	handler_free = handler_next_free[handler - STATIC_COUNT];
	return handler;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  setup_range - finds an appropriate handler entry
//  and requests to populate the address map with
//  it
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::setup_range(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, UINT64 mask, std::list<UINT32> &entries)
{
	// Careful, you can't shift by 64 or more
	UINT64 testmask = (1ULL << (m_space.data_width()-1) << 1) - 1;

	if((mask & testmask) == 0 || (mask & testmask) == testmask)
		setup_range_solid(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, entries);
	else
		setup_range_masked(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, mask, entries);
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  setup_range_solid - finds an appropriate handler
//  entry and requests to populate the address map with
//  it.  Replace what's there.
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::setup_range_solid(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, std::list<UINT32> &entries)
{
	// Grab a free entry
	UINT16 entry = get_free_handler();

	// Add it in the "to be setup" list
	entries.push_back(entry);

	// Configure and map it
	map_range(addrstart, addrend, addrmask, addrmirror, entry);
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  setup_range_solid - finds an appropriate handler
//  entry and requests to populate the address map with
//  it.  Handle non-overlapping subunits.
//-------------------------------------------------

namespace {
	struct subrange {
		offs_t start, end;
		subrange(offs_t _start, offs_t _end) : start(_start), end(_end) {}
	};
}

void address_table::setup_range_masked(offs_t addrstart, offs_t addrend, offs_t addrmask, offs_t addrmirror, UINT64 mask, std::list<UINT32> &entries)
{
	// convert addresses to bytes
	offs_t bytestart = addrstart;
	offs_t byteend = addrend;
	offs_t bytemask = addrmask;
	offs_t bytemirror = addrmirror;
	m_space.adjust_addresses(bytestart, byteend, bytemask, bytemirror);

	// Validity checks
	assert_always(addrstart <= addrend, "address_table::setup_range called with start greater than end");
	assert_always((bytestart & (m_space.data_width() / 8 - 1)) == 0, "address_table::setup_range called with misaligned start address");
	assert_always((byteend & (m_space.data_width() / 8 - 1)) == (m_space.data_width() / 8 - 1), "address_table::setup_range called with misaligned end address");

	// Scan the memory to see what has to be done
	std::list<subrange> range_override;
	std::map<UINT16, std::list<subrange> > range_partial;

	offs_t base_mirror = 0;
	do
	{
		offs_t base_address = base_mirror | bytestart;
		offs_t end_address  = base_mirror | byteend;

		do
		{
			offs_t range_start, range_end;
			UINT16 entry = derive_range(base_address, range_start, range_end);
			UINT32 stop_address = range_end > end_address ? end_address : range_end;

			if (entry < STATIC_COUNT || handler(entry).overriden_by_mask(mask))
				range_override.push_back(subrange(base_address, stop_address));
			else
				range_partial[entry].push_back(subrange(base_address, stop_address));

			base_address = stop_address + 1;
		}
		while (base_address != end_address + 1);

		// Efficient method to go to the next range start given a mirroring mask
		base_mirror = (base_mirror + 1 + ~bytemirror) & bytemirror;
	}
	while (base_mirror);

	// Ranges in range_override must be plain replaced by the new handler
	if (!range_override.empty())
	{
		// Grab a free entry
		UINT16 entry = get_free_handler();

		// configure the entry to our parameters
		handler_entry &curentry = handler(entry);
		curentry.configure(bytestart, byteend, bytemask);

		// Populate it wherever needed
		for (std::list<subrange>::const_iterator i = range_override.begin(); i != range_override.end(); ++i)
			populate_range(i->start, i->end, entry);

		// Add it in the "to be setup" list
		entries.push_back(entry);

		// recompute any direct access on this space if it is a read modification
		m_space.m_direct->force_update(entry);
	}

	// Ranges in range_partial must be duplicated then partially changed
	if (!range_partial.empty())
	{
		for (std::map<UINT16, std::list<subrange> >::const_iterator i = range_partial.begin(); i != range_partial.end(); ++i)
		{
			// Theorically, if the handler to change matches the
			// characteristics of ours, we can directly change it.  In
			// practice, it's more complex than that because the
			// mirroring is not saved, so we're not sure there aren't
			// mappings on the handler outside of the zones we're
			// supposed to change.  So we won't do the obvious
			// optimization at this point.

			// Get the original handler
			handler_entry *base_entry = &handler(i->first);

			offs_t previous_bytemask = base_entry->bytemask();

			// Grab a new handler and copy it there
			UINT16 entry = get_free_handler();
			handler_entry &curentry = handler(entry);
			curentry.copy(base_entry);

			// Clear the colliding entries
			curentry.clear_conflicting_subunits(mask);

			// Reconfigure the base addresses
			curentry.configure(bytestart, byteend, bytemask);

			// Populate it wherever needed
			for (const auto & elem : i->second)
				populate_range(elem.start, elem.end, entry);

			curentry.expand_bytemask(previous_bytemask);

			// Add it in the "to be setup" list
			entries.push_back(entry);

			// recompute any direct access on this space if it is a read modification
			m_space.m_direct->force_update(entry);
		}
	}

	//  verify_reference_counts();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  verify_reference_counts - check how much of a
//  hash we've made of things
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::verify_reference_counts()
{
	int actual_refcounts[SUBTABLE_BASE-STATIC_COUNT];
	memset(actual_refcounts, 0, sizeof(actual_refcounts));

	bool subtable_seen[TOTAL_MEMORY_BANKS - SUBTABLE_BASE];
	memset(subtable_seen, 0, sizeof(subtable_seen));

	for (int level1 = 0; level1 != 1 << LEVEL1_BITS; level1++)
	{
		UINT16 l1_entry = m_table[level1];
		if (l1_entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
		{
			assert(m_large);
			if (subtable_seen[l1_entry - SUBTABLE_BASE])
				continue;

			subtable_seen[l1_entry - SUBTABLE_BASE] = true;
			const UINT16 *subtable = subtable_ptr(l1_entry);
			for (int level2 = 0; level2 != 1 << LEVEL2_BITS; level2++)
			{
				UINT16 l2_entry = subtable[level2];
				assert(l2_entry < SUBTABLE_BASE);
				if (l2_entry >= STATIC_COUNT)
					actual_refcounts[l2_entry - STATIC_COUNT]++;
			}
		}
		else if (l1_entry >= STATIC_COUNT)
			actual_refcounts[l1_entry - STATIC_COUNT]++;
	}

	if (memcmp(actual_refcounts, handler_refcount, sizeof(handler_refcount)))
	{
		osd_printf_error("Refcount failure:\n");
		for(int i = STATIC_COUNT; i != SUBTABLE_BASE; i++)
			osd_printf_error("%02x: %4x .. %4x\n", i, handler_refcount[i-STATIC_COUNT], actual_refcounts[i-STATIC_COUNT]);
		throw emu_fatalerror("memory.c: refcounts are fucked.\n");
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  populate_range - assign a memory handler to a
//  range of addresses
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::populate_range(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, UINT16 handlerindex)
{
	offs_t l2mask = (1 << level2_bits()) - 1;
	offs_t l1start = bytestart >> level2_bits();
	offs_t l2start = bytestart & l2mask;
	offs_t l1stop = byteend >> level2_bits();
	offs_t l2stop = byteend & l2mask;

	// sanity check
	if (bytestart > byteend)
		return;

	// handle the starting edge if it's not on a block boundary
	if (l2start != 0)
	{
		UINT16 *subtable = subtable_open(l1start);

		// if the start and stop end within the same block, handle that
		if (l1start == l1stop)
		{
			handler_ref(handlerindex, l2stop-l2start+1);
			for (int i = l2start; i <= l2stop; i++)
			{
				handler_unref(subtable[i]);
				subtable[i] = handlerindex;
			}
			subtable_close(l1start);
			return;
		}

		// otherwise, fill until the end
		handler_ref(handlerindex, l2mask - l2start + 1);
		for (int i = l2start; i <= l2mask; i++)
		{
			handler_unref(subtable[i]);
			subtable[i] = handlerindex;
		}
		subtable_close(l1start);
		if (l1start != (offs_t)~0)
			l1start++;
	}

	// handle the trailing edge if it's not on a block boundary
	if (l2stop != l2mask)
	{
		UINT16 *subtable = subtable_open(l1stop);

		// fill from the beginning
		handler_ref(handlerindex, l2stop+1);
		for (int i = 0; i <= l2stop; i++)
		{
			handler_unref(subtable[i]);
			subtable[i] = handlerindex;
		}
		subtable_close(l1stop);

		// if the start and stop end within the same block, handle that
		if (l1start == l1stop)
			return;
		if (l1stop != 0)
			l1stop--;
	}

	// now fill in the middle tables
	handler_ref(handlerindex, l1stop - l1start + 1);
	for (offs_t l1index = l1start; l1index <= l1stop; l1index++)
	{
		UINT16 subindex = m_table[l1index];

		// if we have a subtable here, release it
		if (subindex >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
			subtable_release(subindex);
		else
			handler_unref(subindex);
		m_table[l1index] = handlerindex;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  populate_range_mirrored - assign a memory
//  handler to a range of addresses including
//  mirrors
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::populate_range_mirrored(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemirror, UINT16 handlerindex)
{
	// determine the mirror bits
	offs_t lmirrorbits = 0;
	offs_t lmirrorbit[32];
	for (int bit = 0; bit < level2_bits(); bit++)
		if (bytemirror & (1 << bit))
			lmirrorbit[lmirrorbits++] = 1 << bit;

	offs_t hmirrorbits = 0;
	offs_t hmirrorbit[32];
	for (int bit = level2_bits(); bit < 32; bit++)
		if (bytemirror & (1 << bit))
			hmirrorbit[hmirrorbits++] = 1 << bit;

	// loop over mirrors in the level 2 table
	UINT16 prev_entry = STATIC_INVALID;
	int prev_index = 0;
	for (offs_t hmirrorcount = 0; hmirrorcount < (1 << hmirrorbits); hmirrorcount++)
	{
		// compute the base of this mirror
		offs_t hmirrorbase = 0;
		for (int bit = 0; bit < hmirrorbits; bit++)
			if (hmirrorcount & (1 << bit))
				hmirrorbase |= hmirrorbit[bit];

		// invalidate any intersecting cached ranges
		for (offs_t lmirrorcount = 0; lmirrorcount < (1 << lmirrorbits); lmirrorcount++)
		{
			// compute the base of this mirror
			offs_t lmirrorbase = hmirrorbase;
			for (int bit = 0; bit < lmirrorbits; bit++)
				if (lmirrorcount & (1 << bit))
					lmirrorbase |= lmirrorbit[bit];
			m_space.m_direct->remove_intersecting_ranges(bytestart + lmirrorbase, byteend + lmirrorbase);
		}

		// if this is not our first time through, and the level 2 entry matches the previous
		// level 2 entry, just do a quick map and get out; note that this only works for entries
		// which don't span multiple level 1 table entries
		int cur_index = level1_index(bytestart + hmirrorbase);
		if (cur_index == level1_index(byteend + hmirrorbase))
		{
			if (hmirrorcount != 0 && prev_entry == m_table[cur_index])
			{
				VPRINTF(("Quick mapping subtable at %08X to match subtable at %08X\n", cur_index << level2_bits(), prev_index << level2_bits()));

				// release the subtable if the old value was a subtable
				if (m_table[cur_index] >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
					subtable_release(m_table[cur_index]);
				else
					handler_unref(m_table[cur_index]);

				// reallocate the subtable if the new value is a subtable
				if (m_table[prev_index] >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
					subtable_realloc(m_table[prev_index]);
				else
					handler_ref(m_table[prev_index], 1);

				// set the new value and short-circuit the mapping step
				m_table[cur_index] = m_table[prev_index];
				continue;
			}
			prev_index = cur_index;
			prev_entry = m_table[cur_index];
		}

		// loop over mirrors in the level 1 table
		for (offs_t lmirrorcount = 0; lmirrorcount < (1 << lmirrorbits); lmirrorcount++)
		{
			// compute the base of this mirror
			offs_t lmirrorbase = hmirrorbase;
			for (int bit = 0; bit < lmirrorbits; bit++)
				if (lmirrorcount & (1 << bit))
					lmirrorbase |= lmirrorbit[bit];

			// populate the tables
			populate_range(bytestart + lmirrorbase, byteend + lmirrorbase, handlerindex);
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  derive_range - look up the entry for a memory
//  range, and then compute the extent of that
//  range based on the lookup tables
//-------------------------------------------------

UINT16 address_table::derive_range(offs_t byteaddress, offs_t &bytestart, offs_t &byteend) const
{
	// look up the initial address to get the entry we care about
	UINT16 l1entry;
	UINT16 entry = l1entry = m_table[level1_index(byteaddress)];
	if (l1entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
		entry = m_table[level2_index(l1entry, byteaddress)];

	// use the bytemask of the entry to set minimum and maximum bounds
	offs_t minscan, maxscan;
	handler(entry).mirrored_start_end(byteaddress, minscan, maxscan);

	// first scan backwards to find the start address
	UINT16 curl1entry = l1entry;
	UINT16 curentry = entry;
	bytestart = byteaddress;
	while (1)
	{
		// if we need to scan the subtable, do it
		if (curentry != curl1entry)
		{
			UINT32 minindex = level2_index(curl1entry, 0);
			UINT32 index;

			// scan backwards from the current address, until the previous entry doesn't match
			for (index = level2_index(curl1entry, bytestart); index > minindex; index--, bytestart -= 1)
				if (m_table[index - 1] != entry)
					break;

			// if we didn't hit the beginning, then we're finished scanning
			if (index != minindex)
				break;
		}

		// move to the beginning of this L1 entry; stop at the minimum address
		bytestart &= ~((1 << level2_bits()) - 1);
		if (bytestart <= minscan)
			break;

		// look up the entry of the byte at the end of the previous L1 entry; if it doesn't match, stop
		curentry = curl1entry = m_table[level1_index(bytestart - 1)];
		if (curl1entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
			curentry = m_table[level2_index(curl1entry, bytestart - 1)];
		if (curentry != entry)
			break;

		// move into the previous entry and resume searching
		bytestart -= 1;
	}

	// then scan forwards to find the end address
	curl1entry = l1entry;
	curentry = entry;
	byteend = byteaddress;
	while (1)
	{
		// if we need to scan the subtable, do it
		if (curentry != curl1entry)
		{
			UINT32 maxindex = level2_index(curl1entry, ~0);
			UINT32 index;

			// scan forwards from the current address, until the next entry doesn't match
			for (index = level2_index(curl1entry, byteend); index < maxindex; index++, byteend += 1)
				if (m_table[index + 1] != entry)
					break;

			// if we didn't hit the end, then we're finished scanning
			if (index != maxindex)
				break;
		}

		// move to the end of this L1 entry; stop at the maximum address
		byteend |= (1 << level2_bits()) - 1;
		if (byteend >= maxscan)
			break;

		// look up the entry of the byte at the start of the next L1 entry; if it doesn't match, stop
		curentry = curl1entry = m_table[level1_index(byteend + 1)];
		if (curl1entry >= SUBTABLE_BASE)
			curentry = m_table[level2_index(curl1entry, byteend + 1)];
		if (curentry != entry)
			break;

		// move into the next entry and resume searching
		byteend += 1;
	}

	return entry;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  mask_all_handlers - apply a mask to all
//  address handlers
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::mask_all_handlers(offs_t mask)
{
	// we don't loop over map entries because the mask applies to static handlers as well
	for (int entrynum = 0; entrynum < ENTRY_COUNT; entrynum++)
		handler(entrynum).apply_mask(mask);
}



//**************************************************************************
//  SUBTABLE MANAGEMENT
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  subtable_alloc - allocate a fresh subtable
//  and set its usecount to 1
//-------------------------------------------------

UINT16 address_table::subtable_alloc()
{
	// loop
	while (1)
	{
		// find a subtable with a usecount of 0
		for (UINT16 subindex = 0; subindex < SUBTABLE_COUNT; subindex++)
			if (m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount == 0)
			{
				// if this is past our allocation budget, allocate some more
				if (subindex >= m_subtable_alloc)
				{
					m_subtable_alloc += SUBTABLE_ALLOC;
					UINT32 newsize = (1 << LEVEL1_BITS) + (m_subtable_alloc << level2_bits());

					bool was_live = (m_live_lookup == &m_table[0]);
					int oldsize = m_table.size();
					m_table.resize(newsize);
					memset(&m_table[oldsize], 0, (newsize-oldsize)*sizeof(m_table[0]));
					if (was_live)
						m_live_lookup = &m_table[0];
				}
				// bump the usecount and return
				m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount++;
				return subindex + SUBTABLE_BASE;
			}

		// merge any subtables we can
		if (!subtable_merge())
			fatalerror("Ran out of subtables!\n");
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  subtable_realloc - increment the usecount on
//  a subtable
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::subtable_realloc(UINT16 subentry)
{
	UINT16 subindex = subentry - SUBTABLE_BASE;

	// sanity check
	if (m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount <= 0)
		fatalerror("Called subtable_realloc on a table with a usecount of 0\n");

	// increment the usecount
	m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount++;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  subtable_merge - merge any duplicate
//  subtables
//-------------------------------------------------

int address_table::subtable_merge()
{
	int merged = 0;
	UINT16 subindex;

	VPRINTF(("Merging subtables....\n"));

	// okay, we failed; update all the checksums and merge tables
	for (subindex = 0; subindex < SUBTABLE_COUNT; subindex++)
		if (!m_subtable[subindex].m_checksum_valid && m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount != 0)
		{
			UINT32 *subtable = reinterpret_cast<UINT32 *>(subtable_ptr(subindex + SUBTABLE_BASE));
			UINT32 checksum = 0;

			// update the checksum
			for (int l2index = 0; l2index < (1 << level2_bits())/4; l2index++)
				checksum += subtable[l2index];
			m_subtable[subindex].m_checksum = checksum;
			m_subtable[subindex].m_checksum_valid = true;
		}

	// see if there's a matching checksum
	for (subindex = 0; subindex < SUBTABLE_COUNT; subindex++)
		if (m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount != 0)
		{
			UINT16 *subtable = subtable_ptr(subindex + SUBTABLE_BASE);
			UINT32 checksum = m_subtable[subindex].m_checksum;
			UINT16 sumindex;

			for (sumindex = subindex + 1; sumindex < SUBTABLE_COUNT; sumindex++)
				if (m_subtable[sumindex].m_usecount != 0 &&
					m_subtable[sumindex].m_checksum == checksum &&
					!memcmp(subtable, subtable_ptr(sumindex + SUBTABLE_BASE), 2*(1 << level2_bits())))
				{
					int l1index;

					VPRINTF(("Merging subtable %d and %d....\n", subindex, sumindex));

					// find all the entries in the L1 tables that pointed to the old one, and point them to the merged table
					for (l1index = 0; l1index <= (0xffffffffUL >> level2_bits()); l1index++)
						if (m_table[l1index] == sumindex + SUBTABLE_BASE)
						{
							subtable_release(sumindex + SUBTABLE_BASE);
							subtable_realloc(subindex + SUBTABLE_BASE);
							m_table[l1index] = subindex + SUBTABLE_BASE;
							merged++;
						}
				}
		}

	return merged;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  subtable_release - decrement the usecount on
//  a subtable and free it if we're done
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::subtable_release(UINT16 subentry)
{
	UINT16 subindex = subentry - SUBTABLE_BASE;
	// sanity check
	if (m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount <= 0)
		fatalerror("Called subtable_release on a table with a usecount of 0\n");

	// decrement the usecount and clear the checksum if we're at 0
	// also unref the subhandlers
	m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount--;
	if (m_subtable[subindex].m_usecount == 0)
	{
		m_subtable[subindex].m_checksum = 0;
		UINT16 *subtable = subtable_ptr(subentry);
		for (int i = 0; i < (1 << LEVEL2_BITS); i++)
			handler_unref(subtable[i]);
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  subtable_open - gain access to a subtable for
//  modification
//-------------------------------------------------

UINT16 *address_table::subtable_open(offs_t l1index)
{
	UINT16 subentry = m_table[l1index];

	// if we don't have a subtable yet, allocate a new one
	if (subentry < SUBTABLE_BASE)
	{
		int size = 1 << level2_bits();
		UINT16 newentry = subtable_alloc();
		handler_ref(subentry, size-1);
		UINT16 *subptr = subtable_ptr(newentry);
		for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
			subptr[i] = subentry;
		m_table[l1index] = newentry;
		UINT32 subkey = subentry + (subentry << 8) + (subentry << 16) + (subentry << 24);
		m_subtable[newentry - SUBTABLE_BASE].m_checksum = subkey * (((1 << level2_bits())/4));
		subentry = newentry;
	}

	// if we're sharing this subtable, we also need to allocate a fresh copy
	else if (m_subtable[subentry - SUBTABLE_BASE].m_usecount > 1)
	{
		UINT16 newentry = subtable_alloc();

		// allocate may cause some additional merging -- look up the subentry again
		// when we're done; it should still require a split
		subentry = m_table[l1index];
		assert(subentry >= SUBTABLE_BASE);
		assert(m_subtable[subentry - SUBTABLE_BASE].m_usecount > 1);

		int size = 1 << level2_bits();
		UINT16 *src = subtable_ptr(subentry);
		for(int i=0; i != size; i++)
			handler_ref(src[i], 1);

		memcpy(subtable_ptr(newentry), src, 2*size);
		subtable_release(subentry);
		m_table[l1index] = newentry;
		m_subtable[newentry - SUBTABLE_BASE].m_checksum = m_subtable[subentry - SUBTABLE_BASE].m_checksum;
		subentry = newentry;
	}

	// mark the table dirty
	m_subtable[subentry - SUBTABLE_BASE].m_checksum_valid = false;

	// return the pointer to the subtable
	return subtable_ptr(subentry);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  subtable_close - stop access to a subtable
//-------------------------------------------------

void address_table::subtable_close(offs_t l1index)
{
	// defer any merging until we run out of tables
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  handler_name - return friendly string
//  description of a handler
//-------------------------------------------------

const char *address_table::handler_name(UINT16 entry) const
{
	// banks have names
	if (entry >= STATIC_BANK1 && entry <= STATIC_BANKMAX)
		for (auto &info : m_space.manager().banks())
			if (info.second->index() == entry)
				return info.second->name();

	// constant strings for static entries
	if (entry == STATIC_INVALID) return "invalid";
	if (entry == STATIC_NOP) return "nop";
	if (entry == STATIC_UNMAP) return "unmapped";
	if (entry == STATIC_WATCHPOINT) return "watchpoint";

	static char desc[4096];
	handler(entry).description(desc);
	if (desc[0])
		return desc;
	return "???";
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_table_read - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_table_read::address_table_read(address_space &space, bool large)
	: address_table(space, large)
{
	// allocate handlers for each entry, prepopulating the bankptrs for banks
	for (int entrynum = 0; entrynum < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers); entrynum++)
	{
		UINT8 **bankptr = (entrynum >= STATIC_BANK1 && entrynum <= STATIC_BANKMAX) ? space.manager().bank_pointer_addr(entrynum) : nullptr;
		m_handlers[entrynum] = std::make_unique<handler_entry_read>(space.data_width(), space.endianness(), bankptr);
	}

	// we have to allocate different object types based on the data bus width
	switch (space.data_width())
	{
		// 8-bit case
		case 8:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(read8_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::unmap_r<UINT8>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(read8_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::nop_r<UINT8>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(read8_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::watchpoint_r<UINT8>), this));
			break;

		// 16-bit case
		case 16:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(read16_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::unmap_r<UINT16>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(read16_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::nop_r<UINT16>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(read16_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::watchpoint_r<UINT16>), this));
			break;

		// 32-bit case
		case 32:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(read32_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::unmap_r<UINT32>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(read32_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::nop_r<UINT32>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(read32_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::watchpoint_r<UINT32>), this));
			break;

		// 64-bit case
		case 64:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(read64_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::unmap_r<UINT64>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(read64_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::nop_r<UINT64>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(read64_delegate(FUNC(address_table_read::watchpoint_r<UINT64>), this));
			break;
	}

	// reset the byte masks on the special handlers to open up the full address space for proper reporting
	m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
	m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
	m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_table_read - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_table_read::~address_table_read()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  handler - return the generic handler entry for
//  this index
//-------------------------------------------------

handler_entry &address_table_read::handler(UINT32 index) const
{
	assert(index < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers));
	return *m_handlers[index];
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_table_write - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_table_write::address_table_write(address_space &space, bool large)
	: address_table(space, large)
{
	// allocate handlers for each entry, prepopulating the bankptrs for banks
	for (int entrynum = 0; entrynum < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers); entrynum++)
	{
		UINT8 **bankptr = (entrynum >= STATIC_BANK1 && entrynum <= STATIC_BANKMAX) ? space.manager().bank_pointer_addr(entrynum) : nullptr;
		m_handlers[entrynum] = std::make_unique<handler_entry_write>(space.data_width(), space.endianness(), bankptr);
	}

	// we have to allocate different object types based on the data bus width
	switch (space.data_width())
	{
		// 8-bit case
		case 8:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(write8_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::unmap_w<UINT8>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(write8_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::nop_w<UINT8>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(write8_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::watchpoint_w<UINT8>), this));
			break;

		// 16-bit case
		case 16:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(write16_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::unmap_w<UINT16>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(write16_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::nop_w<UINT16>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(write16_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::watchpoint_w<UINT16>), this));
			break;

		// 32-bit case
		case 32:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(write32_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::unmap_w<UINT32>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(write32_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::nop_w<UINT32>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(write32_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::watchpoint_w<UINT32>), this));
			break;

		// 64-bit case
		case 64:
			m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->set_delegate(write64_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::unmap_w<UINT64>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->set_delegate(write64_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::nop_w<UINT64>), this));
			m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->set_delegate(write64_delegate(FUNC(address_table_write::watchpoint_w<UINT64>), this));
			break;
	}

	// reset the byte masks on the special handlers to open up the full address space for proper reporting
	m_handlers[STATIC_UNMAP]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
	m_handlers[STATIC_NOP]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
	m_handlers[STATIC_WATCHPOINT]->configure(0, space.bytemask(), ~0);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  address_table_write - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

address_table_write::~address_table_write()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  handler - return the generic handler entry for
//  this index
//-------------------------------------------------

handler_entry &address_table_write::handler(UINT32 index) const
{
	assert(index < ARRAY_LENGTH(m_handlers));
	return *m_handlers[index];
}



//**************************************************************************
//  DIRECT MEMORY RANGES
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  direct_read_data - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

direct_read_data::direct_read_data(address_space &space)
	: m_space(space),
		m_ptr(nullptr),
		m_bytemask(space.bytemask()),
		m_bytestart(1),
		m_byteend(0),
		m_entry(STATIC_UNMAP)
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  ~direct_read_data - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

direct_read_data::~direct_read_data()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_direct_region - called by device cores to
//  update the opcode base for the given address
//-------------------------------------------------

bool direct_read_data::set_direct_region(offs_t &byteaddress)
{
	// allow overrides
	offs_t overrideaddress = byteaddress;
	if (!m_directupdate.isnull())
	{
		overrideaddress = m_directupdate(*this, overrideaddress);
		if (overrideaddress == ~0)
			return true;

		byteaddress = overrideaddress;
	}

	// find or allocate a matching range
	direct_range *range = find_range(overrideaddress, m_entry);

	// if we don't map to a bank, return FALSE
	if (m_entry < STATIC_BANK1 || m_entry > STATIC_BANKMAX)
	{
		// ensure future updates to land here as well until we get back into a bank
		m_byteend = 0;
		m_bytestart = 1;
		return false;
	}

	UINT8 *base = *m_space.manager().bank_pointer_addr(m_entry);

	// compute the adjusted base
	offs_t maskedbits = overrideaddress & ~m_space.bytemask();
	const handler_entry_read &handler = m_space.read().handler_read(m_entry);
	m_bytemask = handler.bytemask();
	m_ptr = base - (handler.bytestart() & m_bytemask);
	m_bytestart = maskedbits | range->m_bytestart;
	m_byteend = maskedbits | range->m_byteend;
	return true;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  find_range - find a byte address in a range
//-------------------------------------------------

direct_read_data::direct_range *direct_read_data::find_range(offs_t byteaddress, UINT16 &entry)
{
	// determine which entry
	byteaddress &= m_space.m_bytemask;
	entry = m_space.read().lookup_live_nowp(byteaddress);

	// scan our table
	for (auto &range : m_rangelist[entry])
		if (byteaddress >= range.m_bytestart && byteaddress <= range.m_byteend)
			return &range;

	// didn't find out; create a new one
	direct_range range;
	m_space.read().derive_range(byteaddress, range.m_bytestart, range.m_byteend);
	m_rangelist[entry].push_front(range);

	return &m_rangelist[entry].front();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  remove_intersecting_ranges - remove all cached
//  ranges that intersect the given address range
//-------------------------------------------------

void direct_read_data::remove_intersecting_ranges(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend)
{
	// loop over all entries
	for (auto & elem : m_rangelist)
	{
		// loop over all ranges in this entry's list
		for (auto range = elem.begin(); range!=elem.end();)
		{
			// if we intersect, remove
			if (bytestart <= range->m_byteend && byteend >= range->m_bytestart)
				range = elem.erase(range);
			else
				range ++;
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_direct_update - set a custom direct range
//  update callback
//-------------------------------------------------

direct_update_delegate direct_read_data::set_direct_update(direct_update_delegate function)
{
	direct_update_delegate old = m_directupdate;
	m_directupdate = function;
	return old;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  explicit_configure - explicitly configure
//  the start/end/mask and the pointers from
//  within a custom callback
//-------------------------------------------------

void direct_read_data::explicit_configure(offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, offs_t bytemask, void *ptr)
{
	m_bytestart = bytestart;
	m_byteend = byteend;
	m_bytemask = bytemask;
	m_ptr = reinterpret_cast<UINT8 *>(ptr) - (bytestart & bytemask);
}



//**************************************************************************
//  MEMORY BLOCK
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  memory_block - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_block::memory_block(address_space &space, offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, void *memory)
	: m_machine(space.machine()),
		m_space(space),
		m_bytestart(bytestart),
		m_byteend(byteend),
		m_data(reinterpret_cast<UINT8 *>(memory))
{
	offs_t length = byteend + 1 - bytestart;
	VPRINTF(("block_allocate('%s',%s,%08X,%08X,%p)\n", space.device().tag(), space.name(), bytestart, byteend, memory));

	// allocate a block if needed
	if (m_data == nullptr)
	{
		if (length < 4096)
		{
			m_allocated.resize(length);
			memset(&m_allocated[0], 0, length);
			m_data = &m_allocated[0];
		}
		else
		{
			m_allocated.resize(length + 0xfff);
			memset(&m_allocated[0], 0, length + 0xfff);
			m_data = reinterpret_cast<UINT8 *>((reinterpret_cast<FPTR>(&m_allocated[0]) + 0xfff) & ~0xfff);
		}
	}

	// register for saving, but only if we're not part of a memory region
	if (space.manager().region_containing(m_data, length) != nullptr)
		VPRINTF(("skipping save of this memory block as it is covered by a memory region\n"));
	else
	{
		int bytes_per_element = space.data_width() / 8;
		std::string name = string_format("%08x-%08x", bytestart, byteend);
		space.machine().save().save_memory(nullptr, "memory", space.device().tag(), space.spacenum(), name.c_str(), m_data, bytes_per_element, (UINT32)length / bytes_per_element);
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  memory_block - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_block::~memory_block()
{
}



//**************************************************************************
//  MEMORY BANK
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  memory_bank - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_bank::memory_bank(address_space &space, int index, offs_t bytestart, offs_t byteend, const char *tag)
	: m_machine(space.machine()),
		m_baseptr(space.manager().bank_pointer_addr(index)),
		m_index(index),
		m_anonymous(tag == nullptr),
		m_bytestart(bytestart),
		m_byteend(byteend),
		m_curentry(BANK_ENTRY_UNSPECIFIED)
{
	// generate an internal tag if we don't have one
	if (tag == nullptr)
	{
		m_tag = string_format("~%d~", index);
		m_name = string_format("Internal bank #%d", index);
	}
	else
	{
		m_tag.assign(tag);
		m_name = string_format("Bank '%s'", tag);
	}

	if (!m_anonymous && space.machine().save().registration_allowed())
		space.machine().save().save_item(nullptr, "memory", m_tag.c_str(), 0, NAME(m_curentry));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  memory_bank - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_bank::~memory_bank()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  references_space - walk the list of references
//  to find a match against the provided space
//  and read/write
//-------------------------------------------------

bool memory_bank::references_space(const address_space &space, read_or_write readorwrite) const
{
	for (auto &ref : m_reflist)
		if (ref->matches(space, readorwrite))
			return true;
	return false;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  add_reference - add a new reference to the
//  given space
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::add_reference(address_space &space, read_or_write readorwrite)
{
	// if we already have a reference, skip it
	if (references_space(space, readorwrite))
		return;
	m_reflist.push_back(std::make_unique<bank_reference>(space, readorwrite));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  invalidate_references - force updates on all
//  referencing address spaces
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::invalidate_references()
{
	// invalidate all the direct references to any referenced address spaces
	for (auto &ref : m_reflist)
		ref->space().direct().force_update();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_base - set the bank base explicitly
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::set_base(void *base)
{
	// nullptr is not an option
	if (base == nullptr)
		throw emu_fatalerror("memory_bank::set_base called nullptr base");

	// set the base and invalidate any referencing spaces
	*m_baseptr = reinterpret_cast<UINT8 *>(base);
	invalidate_references();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_entry - set the base to a pre-configured
//  entry
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::set_entry(int entrynum)
{
	// validate
	if (m_anonymous)
		throw emu_fatalerror("memory_bank::set_entry called for anonymous bank");
	if (entrynum < 0 || entrynum >= int(m_entry.size()))
		throw emu_fatalerror("memory_bank::set_entry called with out-of-range entry %d", entrynum);
	if (m_entry[entrynum].m_ptr == nullptr)
		throw emu_fatalerror("memory_bank::set_entry called for bank '%s' with invalid bank entry %d", m_tag.c_str(), entrynum);

	m_curentry = entrynum;
	*m_baseptr = m_entry[entrynum].m_ptr;

	// invalidate referencing spaces
	invalidate_references();
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  expand_entries - expand the allocated array
//  of entries
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::expand_entries(int entrynum)
{
	// allocate a new array and copy from the old one; zero out the new entries
	int old_size = m_entry.size();
	m_entry.resize(entrynum + 1);
	memset(&m_entry[old_size], 0, (entrynum+1-old_size)*sizeof(m_entry[0]));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  configure_entry - configure an entry
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::configure_entry(int entrynum, void *base)
{
	// must be positive
	if (entrynum < 0)
		throw emu_fatalerror("memory_bank::configure_entry called with out-of-range entry %d", entrynum);

	// if we haven't allocated this many entries yet, expand our array
	if (entrynum >= int(m_entry.size()))
		expand_entries(entrynum);

	// set the entry
	m_entry[entrynum].m_ptr = reinterpret_cast<UINT8 *>(base);

	// if the bank base is not configured, and we're the first entry, set us up
	if (*m_baseptr == nullptr && entrynum == 0)
		*m_baseptr = m_entry[entrynum].m_ptr;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  configure_entries - configure multiple entries
//-------------------------------------------------

void memory_bank::configure_entries(int startentry, int numentries, void *base, offs_t stride)
{
	// fill in the requested bank entries (backwards to improve allocation)
	for (int entrynum = startentry + numentries - 1; entrynum >= startentry; entrynum--)
		configure_entry(entrynum, reinterpret_cast<UINT8 *>(base) + (entrynum - startentry) * stride);
}


//**************************************************************************
//  MEMORY REGIONS
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  memory_region - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

memory_region::memory_region(running_machine &machine, const char *name, UINT32 length, UINT8 width, endianness_t endian)
	: m_machine(machine),		
		m_name(name),
		m_buffer(length),
		m_endianness(endian),
		m_bitwidth(width * 8),
		m_bytewidth(width)
{
	assert(width == 1 || width == 2 || width == 4 || width == 8);
}



//**************************************************************************
//  HANDLER ENTRY
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  handler_entry - constructor
//-------------------------------------------------

handler_entry::handler_entry(UINT8 width, endianness_t endianness, UINT8 **rambaseptr)
	: m_populated(false),
		m_datawidth(width),
		m_endianness(endianness),
		m_bytestart(0),
		m_byteend(0),
		m_bytemask(~0),
		m_rambaseptr(rambaseptr),
		m_subunits(0),
		m_invsubmask(0)
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  ~handler_entry - destructor
//-------------------------------------------------

handler_entry::~handler_entry()
{
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  copy - copy another handler_entry, but only
//  if it is populated and constitutes of one or
//  more subunit handlers
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry::copy(handler_entry *entry)
{
	assert(entry->m_populated);
	assert(entry->m_subunits);
	assert(!entry->m_rambaseptr);
	assert(!m_populated);

	m_populated = true;
	m_datawidth = entry->m_datawidth;
	m_endianness = entry->m_endianness;
	m_bytestart = entry->m_bytestart;
	m_byteend = entry->m_byteend;
	m_bytemask = entry->m_bytemask;
	m_rambaseptr = nullptr;
	m_subunits = entry->m_subunits;
	memcpy(m_subunit_infos, entry->m_subunit_infos, m_subunits*sizeof(subunit_info));
	m_invsubmask = entry->m_invsubmask;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  reconfigure_subunits - reconfigure the subunits
//  to handle a new base address
//-------------------------------------------------
void handler_entry::reconfigure_subunits(offs_t bytestart)
{
	INT32 delta = bytestart - m_bytestart;
	for (int i=0; i != m_subunits; i++)
		m_subunit_infos[i].m_offset += delta / (m_subunit_infos[i].m_size / 8);
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  configure_subunits - configure the subunits
//  and subshift array to represent the provided
//  mask
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry::configure_subunits(UINT64 handlermask, int handlerbits, int &start_slot, int &end_slot)
{
	UINT64 unitmask = ((UINT64)1 << handlerbits) - 1;
	assert(handlermask != 0);

	// compute the maximum possible subunits
	int maxunits = m_datawidth / handlerbits;
	assert(maxunits > 1);
	assert(maxunits <= ARRAY_LENGTH(m_subunit_infos));

	int shift_xor_mask = m_endianness == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE ? 0 : maxunits - 1;

	// walk the handlermask to find out how many we have
	int count = 0;
	for (int unitnum = 0; unitnum < maxunits; unitnum++)
	{
		UINT32 shift = unitnum * handlerbits;
		UINT32 scanmask = handlermask >> shift;
		assert((scanmask & unitmask) == 0 || (scanmask & unitmask) == unitmask);
		if ((scanmask & unitmask) != 0)
			count++;
	}

	// fill in the shifts
	int cur_offset = 0;
	start_slot = m_subunits;
	for (int unitnum = 0; unitnum < maxunits; unitnum++)
	{
		UINT32 shift = (unitnum^shift_xor_mask) * handlerbits;
		if (((handlermask >> shift) & unitmask) != 0)
		{
			m_subunit_infos[m_subunits].m_bytemask = m_bytemask;
			m_subunit_infos[m_subunits].m_mask = unitmask;
			m_subunit_infos[m_subunits].m_offset = cur_offset++;
			m_subunit_infos[m_subunits].m_size = handlerbits;
			m_subunit_infos[m_subunits].m_shift = shift;
			m_subunit_infos[m_subunits].m_multiplier = count;

			m_subunits++;
		}
	}
	end_slot = m_subunits;

	// compute the inverse mask
	m_invsubmask = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < m_subunits; i++)
		m_invsubmask |= UINT64(m_subunit_infos[i].m_mask) << m_subunit_infos[i].m_shift;
	m_invsubmask = ~m_invsubmask;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  clear_conflicting_subunits - clear the subunits
//  conflicting with the provided mask
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry::clear_conflicting_subunits(UINT64 handlermask)
{
	// A mask of 0 is in fact an alternative way of saying ~0
	if (!handlermask)
	{
		m_subunits = 0;
		return;
	}

	// Start by the end to avoid unnecessary memmoves
	for (int i=m_subunits-1; i>=0; i--)
		if (((handlermask >> m_subunit_infos[i].m_shift) & m_subunit_infos[i].m_mask) != 0)
		{
			if (i != m_subunits-1)
				memmove (m_subunit_infos+i, m_subunit_infos+i+1, (m_subunits-i-1)*sizeof(m_subunit_infos[0]));
			remove_subunit(i);
		}

	// compute the inverse mask
	m_invsubmask = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < m_subunits; i++)
		m_invsubmask |= UINT64(m_subunit_infos[i].m_mask) << m_subunit_infos[i].m_shift;
	m_invsubmask = ~m_invsubmask;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  overriden_by_mask - check whether a handler with
//  the provided mask fully overrides everything
//  that's currently present
//-------------------------------------------------

bool handler_entry::overriden_by_mask(UINT64 handlermask)
{
	// A mask of 0 is in fact an alternative way of saying ~0
	if (!handlermask)
		return true;

	// If there are no subunits, it's going to override
	if (!m_subunits)
		return true;

	// Check whether a subunit would be left
	for (int i=0; i != m_subunits; i++)
		if (((handlermask >> m_subunit_infos[i].m_shift) & m_subunit_infos[i].m_mask) == 0)
			return false;

	return true;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  description - build a printable description
//  of the handler
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry::description(char *buffer) const
{
	if (m_subunits)
	{
		for (int i=0; i != m_subunits; i++)
		{
			if (i)
				*buffer++ = ' ';
			buffer += sprintf (buffer, "%d:%d:%x:%d:%x:%s",
								m_subunit_infos[i].m_size,
								m_subunit_infos[i].m_shift,
								m_subunit_infos[i].m_offset,
								m_subunit_infos[i].m_multiplier,
							    m_subunit_infos[i].m_bytemask,
								subunit_name(i));
		}
	}
	else
		strcpy (buffer, name());
}


//**************************************************************************
//  HANDLER ENTRY READ
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  copy - copy another handler_entry, but only
//  if it is populated and constitutes of one or
//  more subunit handlers
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_read::copy(handler_entry *entry)
{
	handler_entry::copy(entry);
	handler_entry_read *rentry = static_cast<handler_entry_read *>(entry);
	m_read = rentry->m_read;
	for(int i = 0; i < m_subunits; ++i)
	{
		switch(m_subunit_infos[i].m_size)
		{
			case 8:
				m_subread[i].r8 = rentry->m_subread[i].r8;
				break;
			case 16:
				m_subread[i].r16 = rentry->m_subread[i].r16;
				break;
			case 32:
				m_subread[i].r32 = rentry->m_subread[i].r32;
				break;
		}
	}
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  name - return the handler name, from the
//  appropriately-sized delegate
//-------------------------------------------------

const char *handler_entry_read::name() const
{
	switch (m_datawidth)
	{
		case 8:     return m_read.r8.name();
		case 16:    return m_read.r16.name();
		case 32:    return m_read.r32.name();
		case 64:    return m_read.r64.name();
	}
	return nullptr;
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  subunit_name - return the handler name, from the
//  appropriately-sized delegate of a subunit
//-------------------------------------------------

const char *handler_entry_read::subunit_name(int entry) const
{
	switch (m_subunit_infos[entry].m_size)
	{
		case 8:     return m_subread[entry].r8.name();
		case 16:    return m_subread[entry].r16.name();
		case 32:    return m_subread[entry].r32.name();
		case 64:    return m_subread[entry].r64.name();
	}
	return nullptr;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  remove_subunit - delete a subunit specific
//  information and shift up the following ones
//-------------------------------------------------
void handler_entry_read::remove_subunit(int entry)
{
	int moving = m_subunits - entry - 1;
	if (moving)
	{
		memmove(m_subread+entry,        m_subread+entry+1,        moving*sizeof(m_subread[0]));
	}
	m_subunits--;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set an 8-bit delegate, and
//  configure a stub if necessary
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_read::set_delegate(read8_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	// error if no object
	if (!delegate.has_object())
		throw emu_fatalerror("Attempted to install delegate '%s' without a bound object", delegate.name());

	// make sure this is a valid size
	assert(m_datawidth >= 8);

	// if mismatched bus width, configure a stub
	if (m_datawidth != 8)
	{
		int start_slot, end_slot;
		configure_subunits(mask, 8, start_slot, end_slot);
		for (int i=start_slot; i != end_slot; i++)
		{
			m_subread[i].r8 = delegate;
		}
		if (m_datawidth == 16)
			set_delegate(read16_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_16, delegate.name(), this));
		else if (m_datawidth == 32)
			set_delegate(read32_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_32, delegate.name(), this));
		else if (m_datawidth == 64)
			set_delegate(read64_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_64, delegate.name(), this));
	}
	else
	{
		m_read.r8 = delegate;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set a 16-bit delegate, and
//  configure a stub if necessary
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_read::set_delegate(read16_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	// error if no object
	if (!delegate.has_object())
		throw emu_fatalerror("Attempted to install delegate '%s' without a bound object", delegate.name());

	// make sure this is a valid size
	assert(m_datawidth >= 16);

	// if mismatched bus width, configure a stub
	if (m_datawidth != 16)
	{
		int start_slot, end_slot;
		configure_subunits(mask, 16, start_slot, end_slot);
		for (int i=start_slot; i != end_slot; i++)
		{
			m_subread[i].r16 = delegate;
		}
		if (m_datawidth == 32)
			set_delegate(read32_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_32, delegate.name(), this));
		else if (m_datawidth == 64)
			set_delegate(read64_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_64, delegate.name(), this));
	}
	else
	{
		m_read.r16 = delegate;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set a 32-bit delegate, and
//  configure a stub if necessary
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_read::set_delegate(read32_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	// error if no object
	if (!delegate.has_object())
		throw emu_fatalerror("Attempted to install delegate '%s' without a bound object", delegate.name());

	// make sure this is a valid size
	assert(m_datawidth >= 32);

	// if mismatched bus width, configure a stub
	if (m_datawidth != 32)
	{
		int start_slot, end_slot;
		configure_subunits(mask, 32, start_slot, end_slot);
		for (int i=start_slot; i != end_slot; i++)
		{
			m_subread[i].r32 = delegate;
		}
		if (m_datawidth == 64)
			set_delegate(read64_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_64, delegate.name(), this));
	}
	else
	{
		m_read.r32 = delegate;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set a 64-bit delegate
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_read::set_delegate(read64_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	// error if no object
	if (!delegate.has_object())
		throw emu_fatalerror("Attempted to install delegate '%s' without a bound object", delegate.name());

	// make sure this is a valid size
	assert(m_datawidth >= 64);
	m_read.r64 = delegate;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_ioport - configure an I/O port read stub
//  of the appropriate size
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_read::set_ioport(ioport_port &ioport)
{
	m_ioport = &ioport;
	if (m_datawidth == 8)
		set_delegate(read8_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_ioport<UINT8>, ioport.tag(), this));
	else if (m_datawidth == 16)
		set_delegate(read16_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_ioport<UINT16>, ioport.tag(), this));
	else if (m_datawidth == 32)
		set_delegate(read32_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_ioport<UINT32>, ioport.tag(), this));
	else if (m_datawidth == 64)
		set_delegate(read64_delegate(&handler_entry_read::read_stub_ioport<UINT64>, ioport.tag(), this));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  read_stub_16 - construct a 16-bit read from
//  8-bit sources
//-------------------------------------------------

UINT16 handler_entry_read::read_stub_16(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT16 mask)
{
	UINT16 result = space.unmap() & m_invsubmask;
	for (int index = 0; index < m_subunits; index++)
	{
		const subunit_info &si = m_subunit_infos[index];
		UINT32 submask = (mask >> si.m_shift) & si.m_mask;
		if (submask)
		{
			offs_t aoffset = offset * si.m_multiplier + si.m_offset;
			UINT8 val;
			val = m_subread[index].r8(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, submask);
			result |= val << si.m_shift;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  read_stub_32 - construct a 32-bit read from
//  8-bit and 16-bit sources
//-------------------------------------------------

UINT32 handler_entry_read::read_stub_32(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT32 mask)
{
	UINT32 result = space.unmap() & m_invsubmask;
	for (int index = 0; index < m_subunits; index++)
	{
		const subunit_info &si = m_subunit_infos[index];
		UINT32 submask = (mask >> si.m_shift) & si.m_mask;
		if (submask)
		{
			offs_t aoffset = offset * si.m_multiplier + si.m_offset;
			UINT16 val = 0;
			switch (si.m_size)
			{
			case 8:
				val = m_subread[index].r8(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, submask);
				break;
			case 16:
				val = m_subread[index].r16(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, submask);
				break;
			}
			result |= val << si.m_shift;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  read_stub_64 - construct a 64-bit read from
//  8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit sources
//-------------------------------------------------

UINT64 handler_entry_read::read_stub_64(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT64 mask)
{
	UINT64 result = space.unmap() & m_invsubmask;
	for (int index = 0; index < m_subunits; index++)
	{
		const subunit_info &si = m_subunit_infos[index];
		UINT32 submask = (mask >> si.m_shift) & si.m_mask;
		if (submask)
		{
			offs_t aoffset = offset * si.m_multiplier + si.m_offset;
			UINT32 val = 0;
			switch (si.m_size)
			{
			case 8:
				val = m_subread[index].r8(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, submask);
				break;
			case 16:
				val = m_subread[index].r16(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, submask);
				break;
			case 32:
				val = m_subread[index].r32(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, submask);
				break;
			}
			result |=  UINT64(val) << si.m_shift;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


//**************************************************************************
//  HANDLER ENTRY WRITE
//**************************************************************************

//-------------------------------------------------
//  copy - copy another handler_entry, but only
//  if it is populated and constitutes of one or
//  more subunit handlers
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::copy(handler_entry *entry)
{
	handler_entry::copy(entry);
	handler_entry_write *wentry = static_cast<handler_entry_write *>(entry);
	m_write = wentry->m_write;
	for(int i = 0; i < m_subunits; ++i)
	{
		switch(m_subunit_infos[i].m_size)
		{
			case 8:
				m_subwrite[i].w8 = wentry->m_subwrite[i].w8;
				break;
			case 16:
				m_subwrite[i].w16 = wentry->m_subwrite[i].w16;
				break;
			case 32:
				m_subwrite[i].w32 = wentry->m_subwrite[i].w32;
				break;
		}
	}
}

//-------------------------------------------------
//  name - return the handler name, from the
//  appropriately-sized delegate
//-------------------------------------------------

const char *handler_entry_write::name() const
{
	switch (m_datawidth)
	{
		case 8:     return m_write.w8.name();
		case 16:    return m_write.w16.name();
		case 32:    return m_write.w32.name();
		case 64:    return m_write.w64.name();
	}
	return nullptr;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  subunit_name - return the handler name, from the
//  appropriately-sized delegate of a subunit
//-------------------------------------------------

const char *handler_entry_write::subunit_name(int entry) const
{
	switch (m_subunit_infos[entry].m_size)
	{
		case 8:     return m_subwrite[entry].w8.name();
		case 16:    return m_subwrite[entry].w16.name();
		case 32:    return m_subwrite[entry].w32.name();
		case 64:    return m_subwrite[entry].w64.name();
	}
	return nullptr;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  remove_subunit - delete a subunit specific
//  information and shift up the following ones
//-------------------------------------------------
void handler_entry_write::remove_subunit(int entry)
{
	int moving = m_subunits - entry - 1;
	if (moving)
	{
		memmove(m_subwrite+entry,       m_subwrite+entry+1,       moving*sizeof(m_subwrite[0]));
	}
	m_subunits--;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set an 8-bit delegate, and
//  configure a stub if necessary
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::set_delegate(write8_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	assert(m_datawidth >= 8);

	// if mismatched bus width, configure a stub
	if (m_datawidth != 8)
	{
		int start_slot, end_slot;
		configure_subunits(mask, 8, start_slot, end_slot);
		for (int i=start_slot; i != end_slot; i++)
		{
			m_subwrite[i].w8 = delegate;
		}
		if (m_datawidth == 16)
			set_delegate(write16_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_16, delegate.name(), this));
		else if (m_datawidth == 32)
			set_delegate(write32_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_32, delegate.name(), this));
		else if (m_datawidth == 64)
			set_delegate(write64_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_64, delegate.name(), this));
	}
	else
	{
		m_write.w8 = delegate;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set a 16-bit delegate, and
//  configure a stub if necessary
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::set_delegate(write16_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	assert(m_datawidth >= 16);

	// if mismatched bus width, configure a stub
	if (m_datawidth != 16)
	{
		int start_slot, end_slot;
		configure_subunits(mask, 16, start_slot, end_slot);
		for (int i=start_slot; i != end_slot; i++)
		{
			m_subwrite[i].w16 = delegate;
		}
		if (m_datawidth == 32)
			set_delegate(write32_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_32, delegate.name(), this));
		else if (m_datawidth == 64)
			set_delegate(write64_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_64, delegate.name(), this));
	}
	else
	{
		m_write.w16 = delegate;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set a 32-bit delegate, and
//  configure a stub if necessary
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::set_delegate(write32_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	assert(m_datawidth >= 32);

	// if mismatched bus width, configure a stub
	if (m_datawidth != 32)
	{
		int start_slot, end_slot;
		configure_subunits(mask, 32, start_slot, end_slot);
		for (int i=start_slot; i != end_slot; i++)
		{
			m_subwrite[i].w32 = delegate;
		}
		if (m_datawidth == 64)
			set_delegate(write64_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_64, delegate.name(), this));
	}
	else
	{
		m_write.w32 = delegate;
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_delegate - set a 64-bit delegate
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::set_delegate(write64_delegate delegate, UINT64 mask)
{
	assert(m_datawidth >= 64);
	m_write.w64 = delegate;
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  set_ioport - configure an I/O port read stub
//  of the appropriate size
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::set_ioport(ioport_port &ioport)
{
	m_ioport = &ioport;
	if (m_datawidth == 8)
		set_delegate(write8_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_ioport<UINT8>, ioport.tag(), this));
	else if (m_datawidth == 16)
		set_delegate(write16_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_ioport<UINT16>, ioport.tag(), this));
	else if (m_datawidth == 32)
		set_delegate(write32_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_ioport<UINT32>, ioport.tag(), this));
	else if (m_datawidth == 64)
		set_delegate(write64_delegate(&handler_entry_write::write_stub_ioport<UINT64>, ioport.tag(), this));
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  write_stub_16 - construct a 16-bit write from
//  8-bit sources
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::write_stub_16(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask)
{
	for (int index = 0; index < m_subunits; index++)
	{
		const subunit_info &si = m_subunit_infos[index];
		UINT32 submask = (mask >> si.m_shift) & si.m_mask;
		if (submask)
		{
			offs_t aoffset = offset * si.m_multiplier + si.m_offset;
			UINT8 adata = data >> si.m_shift;
			m_subwrite[index].w8(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, adata, submask);
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  write_stub_32 - construct a 32-bit write from
//  8-bit and 16-bit sources
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::write_stub_32(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT32 data, UINT32 mask)
{
	for (int index = 0; index < m_subunits; index++)
	{
		const subunit_info &si = m_subunit_infos[index];
		UINT32 submask = (mask >> si.m_shift) & si.m_mask;
		if (submask)
		{
			offs_t aoffset = offset * si.m_multiplier + si.m_offset;
			UINT16 adata = data >> si.m_shift;
			switch (si.m_size)
			{
			case 8:
				m_subwrite[index].w8(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, adata, submask);
				break;
			case 16:
				m_subwrite[index].w16(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, adata, submask);
				break;
			}
		}
	}
}


//-------------------------------------------------
//  write_stub_64 - construct a 64-bit write from
//  8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit sources
//-------------------------------------------------

void handler_entry_write::write_stub_64(address_space &space, offs_t offset, UINT64 data, UINT64 mask)
{
	for (int index = 0; index < m_subunits; index++)
	{
		const subunit_info &si = m_subunit_infos[index];
		UINT32 submask = (mask >> si.m_shift) & si.m_mask;
		if (submask)
		{
			offs_t aoffset = offset * si.m_multiplier + si.m_offset;
			UINT32 adata = data >> si.m_shift;
			switch (si.m_size)
			{
			case 8:
				m_subwrite[index].w8(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, adata, submask);
				break;
			case 16:
				m_subwrite[index].w16(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, adata, submask);
				break;
			case 32:
				m_subwrite[index].w32(space, aoffset & si.m_bytemask, adata, submask);
				break;
			}
		}
	}
}